Lesson 1 - Introduction Flashcards
1
Q
study of structure of vertebrates (descriptive morphology) and of the functional significance of the structure (functional morphology)
A
Comparative vertebrate anatomy
2
Q
Systems that are affected by the environment
A
- Skeletal
- Muscular
3
Q
System that is affected by type of food
A
Digestive System
4
Q
Digestive System of carnivores
A
shorter and simpler digestive system
5
Q
Digestive System of herbivores
A
- several stomach chambers
- comparatively longer digestive tract
6
Q
Two categories of animals
A
- invertebrates
- vertebrates
7
Q
no vertebral column
A
invertebrates
8
Q
with vertebral column
A
vertebrates
9
Q
transitional between invertebrates and vertebrates
A
protochordates
10
Q
Phylum Chordata: The Big Four
A
- pharyngeal slits
- dorsal nerve cord
- notochord
- post-anal tail
11
Q
openings that connect the inside of the throat to the outside of the “neck”
A
pharyngeal slits
12
Q
bundle of nerve fibers which run down the “back”, connects the brain with the lateral muscles and other organs
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dorsal nerve cord
13
Q
cartilaginous rod running underneath, and supporting, the nerve cord
A
notochord
14
Q
extension of the body past the anal opening
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post-anal tail
15
Q
Tunicates in adulthood
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sessile
16
Q
fixed in one place, immobile
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sessile
17
Q
animals that have notochord at least in the embryo stage
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Phylum Chordata
18
Q
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Subphylum.. ?
A
- Subphylum Urochordata
- Subphylum Cephalochordata
- Subphylum Craniata
19
Q
group of underwater saclike filter feeders with incurrent and excurrent siphons
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Subphylum Urochordata (Tunicates/ Sea Squirts)
20
Q
consists of a notochord extended to the head region
A
Subphylum Cephalochordata
21
Q
- chordates with a nuerocranium (braincase)
- posses a cranium, which is a bony, cartilaginous, or fibrous structure surrounding the brain, jaw, and facial bones
- includes all vertebrates and the hagfishes (Myxini), which have a cranium but lack a backbone
A
Subphylum Craniata
22
Q
braincase
A
neurocranium
23
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craniates without vertebrae
A
hagfish
24
Q
craniates with vertebrae
A
vertebrata
25
Three Regional Components of Phylum Chordata
1. Head
2. Trunk
3. Tail
26
- special sense organs
- brain (receive and process essential information)
- where the jaws are located
- in fishes - where gills for respiration can be found
- were most sense organs are found
- monitor external environments
Head
27
the concentration of sense organs, nervous control, etc., at the anterior end of the body, forming a head and brain, both during evolution and in the course of an embryo's development.
cephalization
28
- coelom (houses most of the viscera)
- pectoral and pelvic appendages
- neck
- body wall - surrounds the coelom (muscle, vertebral column and ribs)
trunk
29
fluid-filled body cavity of an animal that contains the internal organs
coelom
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surrounds the coelom (muscle, vertebral column and ribs)
body wall
31
- commences at the anus or vent (post anal)
- caudal continuation of the body wall muscles, axial skeleton, nerves and blood vessels
tail
32
Three Principal Body Axes
1. longitudinal axis (anteroposterior)
2. dorsoventral axis
3. left-right axis (bilateral symmetry)
33
Three principal anatomic planes
1. transverse plane
2. frontal plane
3. sagittal plane
34
- divides the body into an upper (superior) section and a lower (inferior) section
- left and right and the dorsoventral plane
transverse plane
35
- divides the body into dorsal (posterior or back) and ventral (anterior or front) portions
- left and right and longitudinal axes
frontal plane
36
- divides the body into a left section and a right section
- longitudinal and dorsoventral plane
sagittal plane
37
Craniate Characteristics
1. cranium
2. three-part brain
3. neural crest and its derivatives
4. paired external sense organs
5. cartilage
- bilateral symmetry
- chordate "big four"
38
- bones that form the head. - made up of cranial bones (bones that surround and protect the brain) and facial bones (bones that form the eye sockets, nose, cheeks, jaw, and other parts of the face)
cranium
39
bones that surround and protect the brain
cranial bones
40
bones that form the eye sockets, nose, cheeks, jaw, and other parts of the face
facial bones
41
Three parts of the brain
1. cerebrum
2. cerebellum
3. brainstem
42
- collection of multipotent stem cells located at the side of the neural tube proximal to the epidermal layer after neurulation
- These cells migrate throughout the embryo using a variety of mechanisms and give rise to a large range of cell types.
neural crest
43
ex. of paired external sense organs
- olfactory
- optic
44
Vertebrate Characteristics
1. vertebral column
2. two semicircular canals
3. electroreception
4. lateral line system with
5. multicellular neuromasts
6. soft tissue specializations
45
- bones, muscles, tendons, and other tissues that reach from the base of the skull to the tailbone
- encloses the spinal cord and the fluid surrounding the spinal cord
vertebral column
46
three tiny, fluid-filled tubes in the inner ear that help you keep your balance
semicircular canals
47
- biological ability to perceive natural electrical stimuli
- has been observed almost exclusively in aquatic or amphibious animals, since salt-water is a much better conductor than air, the currently known exceptions being echidnas, cockroaches and bees
Electroreception
48
system of tactile sense organs, unique to aquatic vertebrates from cyclostome fishes (lampreys and hagfish) to amphibians, that serves to detect movements and pressure changes in the surrounding water.
lateral line system
49
consist of sensory cells, which detect water movement by deflection of cilia, and associated support and mantle cells.
Neuromasts
50
- includes a variety of distinct tissues with specialized cells and unique ground substances that result in wide-ranging properties.
- include adipose, cartilage, bone, blood, and lymphatic tissues
- tissues contribute to diverse functions
Specialized connective tissue
51
- modified parts of the lateral line system and primarily sensitive to electrical fields (they can help a shark sense prey by detecting the electrical fields generated by activities of the prey)
ampullae of Lorenzini
52
Structures common to Craniate and Vertebrates
1. Notochord
2. Pharynx
3. Doral hollow nervous system
53
rod of living cells ventral to central nervous system and dorsal to alimentary canal
notochord
54
- also called the digestive tract
- This long tube of organs makes a pathway for food to travel through the body
- runs from the mouth to the anus (where poop comes out) and includes the esophagus, stomach, and intestines.
alimentary canal
55
notochord remains as the chief axial skeleton
protochordates
56
Notochord persists the length of the trunk and tail, constricted within the centrum of each vertebra
- fishes
- amphibians
57
Fate of notochord in fishes and amphibians
- persists length of trunk and tail
- constricted within the centrum of each vertebra
58
notochord almost disappears during development (e.g. remains as a pulpy nucleus in the vertebrae of mammals)
- reptiles
- birds
- mammals
59
Fate of notochord in reptiles, birds, and mammals
- notochord almost disappears during development
- e.g. remains as a pulpy nucleus in the vertebrae of mammals
60
remnant of notochord in reptiles, birds and mammals
nucleus pulposus
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- alimentary canal with pharyngeal pouches in embryo
- pouches may open to the exterior as slits
pharynx
62
Fate of Pharynx
1. gills of fishes
2. lungs of tetrapods
3. skeleton and musculature of the jaws
4. endocrine glands
5. provides (human), dyring fetal life and for a short time thereafter the initial cells of immune system
63
- brain
- spinal cord
- peripheral nervous system
dorsal hollow nervous system
64
Two main parts of the nervous system
1. Central nervous system
2. Peripheral nervous system
65
Central nervous system
- brain
- spinal cord
66
Peripheral nervous system
- cranial nerves
- ganglia outside CNS
- spinal nerves
67
Other Craniate Characteristics
1. integument
2. respiratory mechanism
3. coelom
4. digestive system
5. urogenital organs
6. circulatory system
7. skeleton
8. muscular system
9. sense organs
68
tough outer protective layer, especially that of an animal or plant.
integument
69
Two parts of the integument
1. epidermis
2. dermis
70
- multilayered
- terrestrial craniates have cornified appendages
- surface layer of dead cells to prevent dehydration upon expoure to air
epidermis
71
ex. of cornified appendages
- spines
- reptilian scales
- feathers
- hair
- claws
72
- dense fibrous tissue
- inner layer of the two main layers of the skin
- connective tissue, blood vessels, oil and sweat glands, nerves, hair follicles, and other structures. It is made up of a thin upper layer called the papillary dermis, and a thick lower layer called the reticular dermis.
dermis
73
different kinds of glands in the integument
- defensive
- lubricatory
- nutritive
- pheromonal
- homeostasis
74
- external respiration (exchange of respiratory gases between the animal and the environment)
- gills, lungs, skin, oral, and pharyngeal cavities
respiratory mechanism
75
exchange of respiratory gases between the animal and the environment
external respiration
76
different organs that is part of respiration
- gills
- lungs
- skin
- oral and pharyngeal cavities
77
the cavity that separates the body wall and the gut
coelom
78
Cavity in fishes, amphibians, and some non-amnion reptiles
1. pericardial cavity
2. pleuroperitoneal cavity
79
pericardial cavity
heart
80
pleuroperitoneal cavity
- other visceral organs (fish)
- other visceral organs and lungs (amphibian)
81
separates the pericardial and pleuroperitoneal cavities
transverse septum
82
Cavity in reptiles and mammals
1. pericardial cavity
2. pleural cavity
3. abdominal cavity
4. scrotal cavities
83
pleural cavity
lungs
84
other term for abdominal cavity
peritoneal cavity
85
abdominal cavity
digestive tract caudad to the esophagus
86
scrotal cavities
testes (male mammals)
87
where is the scrotal cavity found
outside body cavity
88
encloses the coelom
peritoneal membranes
89
lies against the dorsal body wall just external to the peritoneum
retroperitoneal organ (kidney)
90
- serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity
- composed of mesothelial cells that are supported by a thin layer of fibrous tissue and is embryologically derived from the mesoderm.
peritoneum
91
- line body cavities that do not open directly to the outside, and they cover the organs located in those cavities
- covered by a thin layer of serous fluid that is secreted by the epithelium.
Serous membranes
92
acquisition, processing, temporary storage, digestion and absorption of food and for elimination of absrobed residue
digestive system
93
Parts of the digestive system
1. oral cavity
2. pharynx
3. esophagus
4. stomach
5. intestine
6. cloaca or anus
94
- common chamber and outlet into which the intestinal, urinary, and genital tracts open
- present in amphibians, reptiles, birds, elasmobranch fishes (such as sharks), and monotremes
- not present in placental mammals or in most bony fishes
cloaca
95
What are the accessory organs
1. liver
2. pancreas
3. gallbladder
96
removes toxins from the body's blood supply, maintains healthy blood sugar levels, regulates blood clotting, and performs hundreds of other vital functions
liver
97
- an organ of the digestive system and of the endocrine system
- in exocrine, it produces enzymes that help to digest food, particularly protein
- in endocrine, it makes the hormone insulin, which helps to control blood sugar levels
pancreas
98
excretory and reproductive systems
urogenital organs
99
What are the reproductive organs and what do they do
1. gonads
2. ducts
3. accessory organs
4. storage chambers
5. copulatory mechanisms
100
to engage in sexual intercourse
copulatory mechanisms
101
What are different types of copulatory organs
1. penis (ex. cat)
2. hemipenis (ex. snake)
3. claspers (ex. shark)
102
- in vertebrates, it function in both excretion and osmoregulation
- eliminating water, maintaining an appropriate elecrtolyte balance in the blood
kidneys
103
produce urine
kidney
104
transport urine
ureters
105
stores urine
urinary bladder
106
passes urine to outside
urethra
107
- system that contains the heart and the blood vessels and moves blood throughout the body
- helps tissues get enough oxygen and nutrients, and it helps them get rid of waste products
circulatory system
108
Parts of the circulatory system
1. heart
2. arteries
3. veins
4. capillaries
5. blood
109
supports the circulatory system by draining excess fluids and proteins from tissues back into the bloodstream, thereby preventing tissue swelling
lymphatic system
110
Parts of the lymphatic system
1. lymph
2. lymph nodes
3. lymph vessels
111
Where is the lymph drained back into the bloodstream?
two subclavian veins, located under the collarbones
112
What do the subclavian veins join to form into?
superior vena cava
113
plasma, formed elements (RBC, WBC, platelets)
blood
114
What comprises the blood
- plasma
- red blood cells (erythrocytes)
- white blood cells (leukocytes)
- platelets (thrombocytes)
115
conduct or passageway of blood
blood vessels
116
collect some of the interstitial fluids and conduct them to large veins
lymph vessels
117
pumps blood to all parts of the body
heart
118
- cartilage, bone and ligaments
- gives the body its shape
- protects vital organs
- provide the site for attachment of locomotor and other muscles
skeleton
119
Different parts of the skeleton
1. axial skeleton
2. pharyngeal skeleton
3. appendicular skeleton
120
axial skeleton
skull and vertebral column
121
pharyngeal skeleton
supports the gills
122
appendicular skeleton
anterior and posterior limbs
123
- like a machine that converts chemical energy from food into mechanical energy.
- The 5 main functions are movement, support, protection, heat generation, and blood circulation.
muscular system
124
What are the 5 main functions of the muscular system
1. movement
2. support
3. protection
4. heat generation
5. blood circulation
125
Different types of muscle
1. smooth muscle
2. skeletal muscle
3. cardiac muscle
126
- spindle-shaped cells, each with a single nucleus
- cells have no striations
- double innervation by parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system; involuntary
- blood vessel walls, walls of the digestive tract
- functions in movement of substances in lumens of body
smooth muscle
127
carries signals that put your body's systems on alert
sympathetic nervous system
128
carries signals that return the body's systems to their standard activity levels
parasympathetic nervous system
129
where are smooth muscles found
- blood vessel walls
- walls of digestive tract
130
- has cylindrical and striated cells with multiple nuclei (syncytial)
- occurs in muscles attached to the skeleton
- single innervation by motor nerve
- function in voluntary movement of the body
skeletal muscle
131
single cell that contains multiple nuclei
syncytium
132
it can contract regularly without input from a motor neuron
myogenic
133
its contraction must be initiated by an autonomic nervous system neuron
neurogenic
134
- has cylindrical but branching striated cells, each with a single nucleus
- double innervation by parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system; involuntary
- occurs int he wall of the heart
- function in the pumping of blood
cardiac muscle
135
- generates an electrical signal that causes the upper heart chambers (atria) to contract. The signal then passes through the AV (atrioventricular) node to the lower heart chambers (ventricles), causing them to contract, or pump
- considered the pacemaker of the heart
SA (sinoatrial) node
136
causes the lower heart chambers (ventricles) to contract
AV (atrioventricular) node
137
- allows rapid propagation of action potentials across the entire myocardium
- enables the heart to contract and relax as a single unit (functional syncytium)
branched nature of cells and gap junctions
138
concentrated anteriorly on the head that monitors the external and internal environments
sense organs
139
Different types of sense organs
1. exteroceptors
2. mechanoreceptors
3. chemoreceptors
4. electroreceptors
5. thermoreceptors
6. receptors for radiation
140
exteroceptors
monitor the external environment
141
mechanoreceptors
- pressure
- vibrations
- direct contact
142
chemoreceptors
chemicals
143
electroreceptors
electrical
144
thermoreceptors
temperature
145
very deep touch/ pressure
pacinian corpuscles
146
light touch/ pressure
meissner's corpuscles
