Postlab 4 - Integument Flashcards
1
Q
Functions of the integumentary system
A
- protective wrapping
- regulatory function
- information getting
- excretory function
- respiratory function
- survival
- behavioral interactions between individuals
2
Q
- mechanical protection against abrasion and puncture
- effective barrier against bacteria
- moisture proofing against loss or gain
- protective underlying cells against UV
A
protective wrapping
3
Q
temperature regulation
A
regulatory and excretory function
4
Q
sensory receptors
A
information getting
5
Q
nourishment of the young
A
survival
6
Q
Two layers of the skin
A
- epidermis
- dermis
7
Q
- outer layer
- with nonliving coverings in craniates
- granular, avascular
A
epidermis
8
Q
outer layer in fishes
A
mucus
9
Q
- outer layer in terrestrial craniates
- dead and water-impervious cornified cells
- minimizes water loss
A
stratum corneum
10
Q
secretes irritating or toxic alkaloids and many pheromones
A
granular glands
11
Q
musous glands on the digits of tree frogs
A
holdfast
12
Q
restrains female during copulation in male anurans
A
swollen mucous glands on thumb pads
13
Q
extensive __ produces a prominent cornified layer
A
keratinization
14
Q
__ __ and the __ incorporated in the skin prevents dessication
A
- cornified layer
- lipid
15
Q
Different epidermal layers
A
- stratum corneum
- stratum lucidum
- stratum granulosum
- stratum spinosum
- stratum basale
16
Q
connects the epidermis and the dermis
A
basement membrane
17
Q
Types of epidermal glands
A
- mucous glands
- granular glands
- avian oil glands
- sebaceous / oil glands
- sudoriferous / sweat glands
18
Q
has practically disapperead among terrestrial tetrapods except in mammals
A
mucous glands
19
Q
- secrete irritating or toxic alkaloids for defense or pheromones
- restricted to a localized area of the body
- toads and reptiles
A
granular glands
20
Q
granular glands in toads
A
parotid gland
21
Q
- located at the base of the tail behind the pygostyle
- secretes a ipid and protein products that birds collect on the sides of their beak and then smear on their feathers during preening making them water repelland
A
uropygial gland
22
Q
where is the uropygial gland found
A
behind pygostyle
23
Q
- alveolar glands with oily secretions
- secretion is released into hair follicles in order to condition and help waterproof the fur
A
sebaceous / oil glands
24
Q
secretions of sebaceous glands
A
sebum
25
produce a watery product (perspiration or sweat)
sudoriferous / sweat glands
26
- protection agains abrasion
- offense and defense
- adjunt of thermoregulation
stratum corneum
27
Specialized stratum corneum
1. scales
2. claws
3. horny protuberances
4. hair
5. feathers
28
- repetitious thickenings of the stratum corneum found only in amniotes
- squamates
epidermal scales
29
stratum corneum disposed on overlapping folds of the epidermis
squamates (snakes, lizards)
30
large, thin, quadrilateral or polygonal scales
scutes
31
scutes of turtles
thick plastron
thinner carapace
32
where do epidermal scales develop in birds
where there are no feathers (facial area, legs, feet)
33
have hair and scales interspersed over the entire body
armadillos
34
where are scales in mammals found
legs and tails
35
inner layer of scales of lizards and snakes
deposited
36
outer layer of scales of lizards and snakes
shed at next molt (ecdysis)
37
ecdysis lizards
large patches
38
ecdysis snakes
outer layer of entire body
39
modifications of the stratum corneum at the ends of the digits
claws, hooks, nails
40
parts of claw, hooks, nails
1. unguis
2. subunguis
3. cuneus
41
horny dorsal plate
unguis
42
softer ventral plate
subunguis
43
calluslie, cornified; ungulates
cuneus
44
having hoofs; of or belonging to a former group of all mammals having hoofs.
ungulates
45
wrap partially around the terminal phalanx
- unguis
- subunguis
46
- basal amniotes, birds, and most mammals
- curved and laterally compressed keratinized projections from the tips of the digits
- protects the tips of the digits from mechanical injury
claws or talons
47
digits of the wings
talons
48
- plates are highly packed, keratinized cells
- protection, scratching, and manipulation
- formed by cells in matrix
nails
49
cuticle
eponychium
50
- enlarged keratinized plates at the tips of the ungulate digits
- thick unguis of a hoof is U or V shaped which consists of dead cells
hooves
51
- distinguish birds from all other vertebrates
- nonvascular and nonnervous products of the epidermis and keratinizing system
feathers
52
Morphological varieties of feathers
1. contour feather
2. down feather (plumules)
3. hairlike feathers (filoplumes)
53
gives the bird its contour or general shape
contour feather
54
parts of the contour feather
1. shaft
2. calamus (quill)
3. rachis
4. vane
5. superior umbilicus
6. afterfeather
7. inferior umbilicus
55
horny part of feather
shaft
56
vane bearing
rachis
57
flattened
vane
58
- smooth erector muscles inserted on the walls of feather follicles
- with extrinsic integumentary muscles, it enable a bird to fluff its feathers
arrectores plumarum
59
distinctive tracts
pterylae
60
where is pterylae absent
- ostriches
- penguins
61
- small, fluffy feather lying underneath and between contour feathers
- short calamus
- crown of barbs w/o hooklets
down feather (plumules)
62
down feather (plumules)
- short calamus
- crown of barbs w/o hooklets
63
- shaft have a few barbs and associated barbules at the tip
- follicles are richly supplied with tactile nerve endings
hairlike feather (filoplumes)
64
follicles of filoplumes are richly supplied with what?
tactile nerve endings
65
- screen eyes, ear and nasal openings of foreign matter
- around the mouth are tactile receptors
- w/o terminal barbs
- head and neck
bristles
66
epidermal growths that function in protection
hairs
67
main parts of hair
- shaft
- root
- follicle
68
found around the hair
1. sebaceous gland
2. arrector pili muscle
3. hair root plexus (touch)
69
insulators
fur
70
sensitive tactile organs
vibrissae
71
Different types of fur
1. guard hair
2. underfur
72
large, coarse hairs and found on the outer surface of the fur
guard hairs
73
beneath the guard hairs and usually much finer and shorter
underfur
74
Morphology of the hair
1. root
2. shaft
3. cuticle
4. hair cortex
5. hair medulla
75
- base of the hair
- hair cells are cornifying and dying
- not separated from the follicular wall
root
76
remaining length of hair
shaft
77
What does a single hair have
1. dense keratin
2. air vacuoles
3. melanin granules
78
- smooth muscle inserted on the wall of each hair follicle
- makes the hair stand erect in response to cold, fear, or anger
arrector pili muscle
79
- found only in mammals
- composed of skina nd underlying bone
- organs of offense, defense and display
horns and antlers
80
- surface is composed of keratin
- associated integument produces tough, cornified sheat that fits over the bony core
horns
81
- simple unbranched structures that are never shed
- found in males and females
bovine horns (true horns)
82
have true horns
Artiodactyls of family Bovidae
83
branched and the horny covering is shed annually
pronghorns
84
- composd of agglutinated keratinized hairlike epidermal fibers that form a solid horn perched on a roughened area of the nasal bone
- present in both sexes and are not shed
hair horn
85
- overlying living skin shapes and provides vascular supply to the growing bone
- not cornified structure but dermal bone attached to the frontal lobe
- only in males except in reindeer and caribou
- shedding is under hormonal control
antlers
86
overlying living skin
velvet
87
have antlers
Family Cervidae (deer, elk, moose)
88
animals that have antlers in female
- reindeer
- caribou
89
- resemble stunted antlers
- short bony projections of the frontal bones
- remain in velvet throughout life
giraffe horns
90
- seies of keratinized plates that arise from the integument
- act as strainers to extract food from water gulped by the animal
- seen in mysticete whales
Baleen or whalebone
91
where are baleen or whalebone found
mysticete whales
92
Other cornified structures
1. rattles
2. beaks
3. rooster's comb
4. ischial callosities
5. knee pads
6. tori
7. corns and calluses
93
rings of horny stratum corneum that remain after each molt
rattles
94
covered with horny sheath
beak
95
covered with a thick, warty stratum corneum
rooster's comb
96
Hard, bare “sitting pads” on the buttocks
ischial callosities
97
found in camels
knee pads
98
apical pads in cats
tori
99
are thick, hardened layers of skin that develop when the skin tries to protect itself against friction or pressure
Corns and calluses
100
- dense connective tissue layer, contiains blood vessels, collagenous fibers, nerves, pigment cells, fat cells, and fibroblasts
- support, cushion, and nourish the epidermis
- macrophages and lymphocytes
dermis
101
two major regions of the dermis
1. papillary layer
2. reticular layer
102
- upper dermal region
- dermal papillae
papillary layer
103
deepest skin layer
reticular layer
104
primitive fishes
1. ostracoderms and placoderms
2. hagfishes and lampreys
105
integument produced prominent bony plates or dermal armor that encased their bodies in an exoskeleton
ostracoderms and placoderms
106
dermal bone is lost and the skin is smooth and without scales
hagfishes and lampreys
107
- dermal bone is absent
- covered with placoid scales
chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes)
108
scales in chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes)
placoid scales
109
dermis composed of the superficial loose connective tissue and a deeper layer of dense fibrous connective tissue
bony fishes
110
Types of scales in bony fishes
1. cosmoid scales
2. ganoid scales
3. teleost scales
111
- in primitive sarcopterygians
- composed of thick, well developed layer of dentine beneath a thin layer of enamel
cosmoid scales
112
where are cosmoid scales found
sarcopterygians
113
- with thick surface coat of enamel and with an underlying layer of dentin
- dermal bone forms the foundation
ganoid scales
114
forms the foundation of ganoid scales
dermal bone
115
where are ganoid scales found
- Garke
- Sturgeon scutes
116
- lacks enamel, dentin and a vascular bone
- with lamellar bone which is acellular and mostly non-calcified
teleost scales
117
two types of teleost scales
1. cycloid scale
2. ctenoid scale
118
composed of concentric rings
cycloid scales
119
with a fringe of projections along its posterior margin
ctenoid scales
