Muscular System Flashcards
1
Q
Three principal kinds of movement
A
- ameboid
- ciliary and flagellar
- muscular
2
Q
- where movement depends on
- can change their form to relax or contract
A
contractile proteins
3
Q
most important contractile system
A
actomyosin system
4
Q
- supply force for movement
- restrain motion
- act on the viscera to effect their activity
- muscle sphincters that control the passage of materials out of tubular ducts
- plays a role in heat production
A
muscular system
5
Q
- composes the muscular system
- capable of contracting when stimulated by nerve impulses
A
muscle fibers
6
Q
Major categories of muscle:
histology
A
- skeletal muscle
- cardiac muscle
- smooth muscle
7
Q
- long, cylindrical, multinucleated muscle fibers, each with striations
- voluntary control
- usually associated with bones and cartilages
- contractions are rapid
- packed with myofibrils
A
skeletal muscle tissue
8
Q
chain of repeating units
A
sarcomere
9
Q
- occurs only in the heart
- contains myofibrils and filaments of actin and myosin
- cells are short, mononucleate, often branched and joint to each other by distinct intercalated discs into sheets involuntary and myogenic
A
cardiac muscle tissue
10
Q
- lack striations and almost entirely concerned with visceral functions
- mononucleate, short and fusiform in shape
- involuntary, contraction are slow and sustained
- visceral organs except heart, vessels, tubes, ducts
A
smooth muscle tissue
11
Q
Major categories of muscle:
role
A
- somatic muscles
- visceral muscles
12
Q
- orient the body of the organism in the external environment
- striated muscles that are attached to the ligaments, tendons and bones
- derivatives of the myotomes of mesodermal somites
- innervated by spinal nerves
- voluntary
A
somatic muscles
13
Q
- pharyngeal arches and its derivatives
- adductors, constrictors, and levators that operate the jaws and successive gill arches
A
branchiomeric somatic muscles
14
Q
- maintain an appropriate internal milieu
- smooth muscles of hollow organs, vessels, tubes, and ducts, intrinsic musculature of the eyeball, erector
- muscles of feathers and hair
- includes cardiac muscle
- derived from splanchnic mesoderm
- innervated by the autonomic nervous system
A
visceral muscles
15
Q
consists of skeletal muscle cells (which, in turn, consist of myofibrils and myofilaments)
A
Muscle
16
Q
extensions of a muscle’s tough connective tissue sheath (fascia & epimysium) that anchor a muscle to its origin & insertion
A
Tendons
17
Q
immediate source of energy
A
ATP
18
Q
when is glucose broken down
A
aerobic metabolism
19
Q
stores and supply glucose
A
glycogen
20
Q
energy reserve of muscles
A
creatine phosphate
21
Q
rely heavily on glucose and oxygen
A
slow and fast oxidative fibers
22
Q
rely on anarobic glycolysis
A
fast glycolytic fibers
23
Q
incur during anaerobic glycolysis
A
oxygen debt
24
Q
Classification of skeletal muscle fiber
A
- oxidative or glycolytic fibers by ATP source
- fast-twitch or slow-twitch fibers by speed of muscle contraction
25
- for slow, sustained contractions without fatigue
- contain extensive blood supply
- high density of mitochondria
- abundant stored myoglobin (protein that binds oxygen more tightly than hemoglobin does)
- important in maintaining posture in terrestrial vertebrates
slow oxidative fibers (red muscles)
26
two kinds of fast fibers
1. fast glycolytic fiber
2. fast oxidative fiber
27
- lacks efficient blood supply
- pale in color
- function anaerobically
- fatigue rapidly
fast glycolytic fiber (white muscles)
28
- extensive blood supply
- high density of mitochondria and myoglobin
- function aerobically
- for rapid, sustained activities
fast oxidative fiber
29
importance of tendons in energy storage
KE is stored from step to step as elastin strain energy in tendons
30
Vertebrate muscles
1. skeletal, striated, voluntary muscles
2. non-skeletal, smooth, chiefly involuntary muscles
3. cardiac muscles
4. electric organs
31
skeletal, striated, voluntary muscles
1. axial
2. appendicular
3. branchiomeric
4. integumentary
32
homologous to the branchial/pharyngeal muscles from fishes to mammals, straited muscles, innervated by cranial nerves
branchiomeric
33
- site of attachment that is relatively fixed
- the bone on which it originates is not displaced when the muscle contracts
Origin
34
site of attachment that is normally displaced by contraction of the muscles
Insertion
35
free part, in between the origin and insertion
Belly
36
long, seamlike tendons in the midventral line of the trunk (linea alba)
Raphes
37
e.g. of raphes
linea alba
38
tough, thin, sheetlike expances of mammalian tendons and ligaments (galea aponeurotica)
Aponeuroses
39
e.g. of Aponeuroses
galea aponeurotocia
40
shape of biceps brachii
fusiform
41
shape of sternomastoid of mammals
straplike
42
type of skeletal muscle that has muscle fibers that attach to a central tendon at an oblique angle, similar to the shape of a feather
pinnate muscle
43
shape of diaphragm with a central tendon
domed shaped
44
straighten two segments of a limb or vertebral column at a joint
extensors
45
draw one segment toward another
flexors
46
displacement toward from the midline
adductors
47
displacement away from the midline
abductors
48
cause a part to thrust forward or outward
protractors
49
pull the part back
retractors
50
raise a part
levators
51
lower a part
depressors
52
rotation of a part on its axis
rotators
53
rotators that turn the palm upward
supinators
54
turn the palm downward
pronators
55
making a part more taut
tensors
56
compress internal parts
consrictors
57
constrictors that make an opening smaller
sphincters
58
make an opening bigger
dilators
59
same embryonic origin and nerve supply
homologies
60
- skeletal muscles of the trunk & tail
- hypobranchial muscles & muscles of the tongue
- extrinsic eyeball muscles
- metameric
- segmental because of their embryonic origin; arise from segmental mesodermal somites
axial muscle
61
separated by myosepta
myomeres
62
- serve as origins and insertion of segmented muscles
- separates myomeres
myosepta
63
divides myomeres into dorsal and ventral
horizontal septum
64
above the septum
epaxials
65
below the septum
hypaxials
66
separate the myomeres of the 2 sides of the body
middorsal and midventral septa (linea alba)
67
elongated bundles that extend through many body segments & that are located below the expanded appendicular muscles required to operate the limbs
epaxials
68
- of the abdomen have no myosepta & form broad sheets of muscle
- are oriented into oblique, rectus, & transverse bundles
hypaxials
69
longest bundles
1. longissimus group
2. spinalis group
3. iliocostalis group
70
lies on transverse processes of vertebrae; includes the longest epaxial bundles
longissimus group
71
subdivisions of longissimus group
1. longissimus dorsi
2. longissimus cervicis
3. longissimus capitis
72
- lies close to neural arches
- connects spinous processes or transverse processes with those several vertebrae anteriorly
spinalis group
73
- lateral to longissimus & spinalis
- arises on ilium & inserts on dorsal ends of ribs or uncinateprocesses
iliocostalis group
74
- shortest bundles
- remain segmented
- connect processes (spinous, transverse, & zygapophyses) of adjacent vertebrae
intervertebrals
75
side-to-side movements of vertebral column
short epaxials
76
arch & support the vertebral column
short & long bundles
77
attach to & move the skull
most anterior bundles
78
- myosepta & ribs restricted to the thorax
- hypaxials form 3 layers: external oblique, internal oblique, & transverse
modern amniotes
79
- weakly developed in most fish;
- 'stronger' in tetrapods
- support ventral body wall & aid in arching the back
- in mammals - rectus abdominis
Rectus muscles
80
- hypobranchials extend forward from pectoral girdle & insert on mandible, hyoid, and gill cartilages
- hypobranchials strengthen floor of pharynx and assist branchiomeric muscles in elevating floor of mouth, lowering jaw, and extending gill pouches
Fish
81
- hypobranchials stabilize and move hyoid apparatusand larynx
- the tongue of amniotes is a 'sac' anchored to hyoid skeleton & filled with hypobranchial muscle
Tetrapods
82
- consists of a number of electric disc piles in either vertical or horizontal columns
- each disc (electroplax) is a large coin-shaped cells
- functions: defense, communication, locating prey (electrolocation)
Electric organs
83
