Skeletal System 2 - Appendicular Flashcards
1
Q
- Consists of the bones within the pectoral and pelvic girdles
- The attached limbs
A
appendicular skeleton
2
Q
- bones of the shoulder
- anterior
- supports the arms and hands
A
pectoral girdle
3
Q
- bones of the pelvis
- posterior
- supports the legs and feet
A
pelvic girdle
4
Q
three replacement bones and a series of dermal bones
A
early fishes
5
Q
three replacement bones of early fishes
A
- coracoid
- scapula
- suprascapula
6
Q
series of dermal bones of early fishes
A
- clavicle
- cleithrum
- supracleithrum
- posttemporal
7
Q
reduction in number and size of replacement bones
A
later bony fishes (ganoid fish)
8
Q
reductio in number of dermal bones
A
tetrapods
9
Q
- reduced coracoid & scapula (replacement bone) but large cleithrum& supracleithrum (dermal bone)
- posttemporal bone (dermal) connects the supracleithrum to the skull.
A
bony fishes
10
Q
what is reduced in bony fishes
A
- coracoid
- scapula
11
Q
what is large in bony fishes
A
- cleithrum
- supracleithrum
12
Q
connects the supracleithrum to the skull of bony fishes
A
posttemporal bone (dermal)
13
Q
no dermal bone
A
cartilganious fishes
14
Q
early ones had pectoral girdle similar to those of early bony fishes, but lost posttemporal & acquired interclavicle (which still occurs in several amniotes)
A
tetrapods
15
Q
what is lost in tetrapods
A
posttemporal
16
Q
what is acquired in tetrapods
A
interclavicle
17
Q
one or both typically brace scapula against sternum (as in birds; below)
A
- clavicle
- coracoid
18
Q
present in all tetrapods with even vestiges of anterior limbs, e.g., turtles & birds & mammals
A
scapula
19
Q
Bones of the pectoral girdle
A
- clavicle
- scapula
- head of humerus
- humerus
- head of radius
- radius
- ulna
- carpals
- metacarpals
- phalanges
20
Q
- brace posterior paired appendages
- no dermal components (unlike pectoral girdle)
A
pelvic girdles
21
Q
pelvic girdle consists of 2 cartilaginous or bony plates (ischiopubic plates) that articulate with the pelvic fins
A
Fishes
22
Q
what does the pelvic girdle in fishes contain
A
2 cartilaginous or bony plates (ischiopubic plates)
23
Q
- pair of cartilaginous plates form in embryos & each ossifies at 2 centers to form: pubis & ischium.
- An additional blastema gives rise to the ilium.
A
Tetrapods
24
Q
what is formed from 2 centers in tetrapods
A
- pubis
- ischium
25
gives rise to the ilium in tetrapods
blastema
26
- ilia elongated & extend from sacral vertebra to urostyle
- joint between ilium & sacral vertebra (sacroiliac) is freely moveable (& moves when a frog or toad jumps)
forgs and toads
27
ilium and sacral vertebrae
sacroiliac
28
- ilium & ischium expanded to accommodate musculature needed for bipedal locomotion
- girdle is braced against lumbar & sacral vertebrae
- pubic bones are typically reduced (long but thin); the limited pubic symphysis provides a larger outlet for eggs
birds
29
provides a larger outlet for eggs
limited pubic symphysis
30
ilium, ischium, and pubis unite to form the innominate bone (the 2 innominates = pelvic girdle)
mammals
31
what is united to form the innominate bone
- ilium
- ischium
- pubis
32
2 innominate bones = ?
pelvic girdle
33
Bones of the pelvic girdle
1. coxal bone
2. head of femur
3. neck of femur
4. femur
5. patella
6. tibia
7. fibula
8. tarsals
9. metatarsals
10. phalanges
34
degree of pubic arch in males
50-60 degrees
35
degree of pubic arch in female
80-90 degrees
36
- reproductive hormone produced by your ovaries and the placenta
- loosens and relaxes your muscles, joints and ligaments during pregnancy to help your body stretch
Relaxin
37
parts of the pelvic girdle
1. ilium
2. sacrum
3. pubic symphysis
4. coccyx
5. pubis
6. ischium
38
what do all jawed fish have (except eels)
pectoral and pelvic fins
39
fins are used for what
steering (rudders)
40
types of fins
1. lobed fins
2. fin fold fins
3. ray fin
41
found in sarcopterygians
lobed fins
42
- found in cartilaginous fish
- consist of 1 to 5 basal cartilages plus several rows of radials
fin fold fins
43
tendency to lose proximal components of fin skeleton
ray fin
44
Limbs
1. anterior limb
2. posterior limb
45
5 segments of anterior limb
1. brachium
2. antebrachium
3. carpus
4. metacarpus
5. digits
46
- upper arm
- consists of humerus
brachium
47
- forearm
- consists of radius and ulna
antebrachium
48
- wrist
- consists of carpals
carpus
49
- palm
- consists of metacarpals
metacarpus
50
consists of phalanges
digits
51
5 segments of posterior limb
1. femur
2. crus
3. tarsus
4. metatarsus
5. digits
52
- thigh
- consists of femur
femur
53
- shank
- consists of tibia and fibula
crus
54
- ankle
- consists of tarsals
tarsus
55
- instep
- consists of metatarsals
metatarus
56
lack limbs
1. caecilians (apodans)
2. most snake
3. snake-like lizards
57
vertebrates with forelimbs only
1. manatee and dugongs
2. dolphins
3. cetaceans
4. sirens (salamander)
58
upper arm
humerus
59
forearm
radius and ulna
60
or hand
manus
61
3 rows of carpal bones
1. proximal row
2. middle row
3. distal row
62
proximal row
1. radiale
2. ulnare
3. intermedium
4. pisiform
63
middle row
3 central carpals (centralia)
64
distal row
5 distal sarpals numbered 1 to 5 starting on thumb
65
general formula starting at thumb
2,3,4,5,3
66
five toed
pentadactyl
67
Adaptive modifications of the Manus
1. flight
2. swimming
3. terrestrial locomotion
4. grasping
68
manus of birds
- loss of digits & bones
- fusion of some bones
69
manus of bats
- 5 digits
- elongated metacarpals (II-V)
- phalanges support the patagium
70
manus of pterosaurs
4th digit elongated to support patagium
71
4th digit elongated to support patagium
pterosaurs
72
increase in number and size of phalanges
swimming
73
Terrestrial locomotion
1. plantigrade
2. digitigrade
3. unguligrade
74
- flat-footed
- all bones of manus and/or pes on the ground
- amphibians, most reptiles & some mammals (insectivores, monkeys, apes, humans, & bears)
plantigrade
75
- 1st digit is reduced or lost
- manus & pes are elevated
- rabbits, rodents, & many carnivores
digitigrade
76
- reduced number of digits
- walk on tips of remaining digits
- claws become hooves
unguligrade
77
- opposable thumb
- saddle joint at base of thumb where it meets palm
- thumb at wider angle from index finger
- strong thumb muscles
Grasping
78
joint at base of thumb
saddle joint
79
bones are comparable to those of forelimbs except that a patella(‘kneecap') develops in birds & mammals
posterior limbs
80
animals that forms a patella
- birds
- mammals
81
feeling internal structure through the skin with fingers
Palpation
82
run your fingers over the surface of your head
cranial bones
83
roughened area just behind the ear
mastoid process
84
grasp your auricle and insert your small finger into the canal
external auditory meatus
85
run your hand anteriorly from your ear toward your eye
zygomatic arch
86
spread your fingers on the skin of your face and feel it bunch and stretch as you smile.
muscle of facial expression
87
place a finger directly in front of the external auditory meatus, and open and close your mouth several times
temporomandibular joint
88
along the entire length from the sternum to the shoulder (interclavicular joint – sternum-clavicle junction; acromion – high point of the shoulder, anterior end of the scapular spine).
Clavicle
89
sternum-clavicle junction
interclavicular joint
90
high point of the shoulder, anterior end of the scapular spine
acromion
91
feel the medial projection at the distal end of the humerus.
Medial epicondyle of the humerus
92
flexing and extending it – as you palpate its dorsal aspect to feel the olecranon process of the ulna moving in and out of the olecranon fossa on the backside of the humerus
Elbow
93
clench your fist
Metacarpophalangeal joints or knuckles
94
rest your hands on your hips
Iliac crests
95
palpate the medial protrusion of your ankle
Medial malleolus of the distal tibia
96
feel the bulge of your lateral ankle
Lateral malleolus of the fibula
