The mixture between CO2 and resident Water Vapor (H2O), produces what?

Carbonic Acid (H2CO3) making the blood acid

Lesson 2 Flashcards by Matthew Taylor

Internal (cellular) respiration converts inhaled Oxygen (O) into energy .
What gas is the product of this conversion?

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) is a product of this conversion

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The mixture between CO² and resident Water Vapor (H²O), produces what?

Carbonic Acid (H²CO³) making the blood acid

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An excess of H2CO3 will cause excessive what?

An excess of H2CO3 will cause excessive acidity. ( pH < 7)

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The body want’s to reset balanced values so it does what?

Breathing rate, blood pressure and heart rate, increase,to reset balanced values

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Normal Breathing Rate =

12 to 20 bpm, averaging 16 bpm

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What in the body senses the PH level and demands an increased rate of respiration

Central Chemoreceptors

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What is ISA temperature

15°^c

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What is ISA pressure?

760 mm Hg / 29,92 PSI / 1013,2 hPa

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What is ISA density?

1225 g/m3

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What gasses are in the atmosphere?

21% oxygen
78% nitrogen

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How can you describe the change in oxygen/nitrogen proportions in the atmosphere as you ascend.

Doesn’t change

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Name the following:

Low arterial PO2 caused by

High altitude; alveolar hypoventilation;
decreased lung diffusion capacity;
abnormal ventilation-perfusion ratio

Hypoxic hypoxia

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What is being described?

Decreased total amount of O² bound to hemoglobin

Caused by:

Blood loss; anemia (low [Hb] or altered HbO2 binding); carbon monoxide poisoning

Anemic hypoxia

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What factors determine the severity of hypoxia

Altitude
Time of exposure
Temperature
Physical Activity

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Hemoglobin saturation at sea level is

97,5% saturated with oxygen

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Hemoglobin saturation at 10,000ft is

87% saturated with oxygen

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Hemoglobin saturation at 20,000ft is

65% saturated with oxygen

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What are common causes of Anemic Hypoxia - inability of blood to carry oxygen

Medical condition
Carbon monoxide poisoning

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Stagnant hypoxia is what kind of issue?

Circulatory

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Histotoxic hypoxia is what kind of issue?

Cells are poisoned
(Drugs/Alcohol/Chemicals)

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Initial hypoxia symptoms:

Tingling in hands and feet
Cyanosis - turning cyan
Increased rate of breathing
Headache, nausea, dizziness, sweating
Mood change (irritability / euphoria)

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Further hypoxia symptoms:

Impaired vision
Impaired judgement
Muscular impairment
Memory impairment
Concentration impairment
Drowsiness
Slurred speech

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Cyanosis is only ever a symptom of

Hypoxia

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Minimum Safe Altitude , or Physiological Altitude is located at

10.000 feet

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Night vision CAN be affected from which altitude

5000ft

40,000ft and above and what needs to happen to your oxygen supply

pressurised

When it comes to oxygen levels, describe an initial Complete Compensatory Stage including altitude

5,000 - 12,000ft Body fully compensates the deficiency of oxygen by automatically changing the cardiac output and no Hypoxia related disturbances occur here.

When it comes to oxygen levels, describe Partial Compensatory Stage including altitude

12,000 - 20,000ft a drastic increase in breathing is needed to maintain proper cardiovascular function and a degradation of the nervous functions start to take place

Oxygen will need pressurising over what altitude?

40,000ft

Over which altitude do you need 100% (not pressurised) oxygen

33,700ft

Hypoxia prevention

Ensure a serviceable supplementary supply of oxygen Brief passengers on adequate use Fly only if you are 100% fit and you are not taking any medication or drugs Ensure that cabin heaters and ventilators are thoroughly checked and serviceable Execute Checklists for Pressurization System Settings

Hypoxia countermeasures

Provide oxygen Descend to Minimum Safe Altitude (MSA)

TUC means?

Time of useful consciousness Time between oxygen being removed to not longer being useful

Effective performance time

EPT

TUC 20,000ft

30mins

TUC 30,000ft

1 -2 mins

TUC 35,000ft

30 - 90 seconds

TUC 40,000ft

15 - 20 seconds

The human body’s PH is in average (ish)

7.40 (7.35 to 7.45)

Define hyperventilation

An excessive rate and depth of breathing. Breathing too much

If you experience hyperventilation the you will change what in the blood

Acid level which regulates the breathing

Hyperventilation symptoms

Increase rate and depth of breathing Paleness of skin Muscle spasms Anxiety Dizziness Nausea Numbness Visual disturbance

A name for: quick simultaneous movement of both eyes between two or more phases of fixation in the same direction

Saccade

What are the names for the muscles that move the eye balls?

The ciliary muscle plays a crucial role in accommodation, which allows us to focus on objects at varying distances.

Eye ball anatomy

look it up

Accommodation mean?

Cones

Colour Clarity Centre

Rods

Round the edges Rhopsin Peripheral vision

Central vision + peripheral vision =

visual field

Light adaptation Dark > light takes how long

10 seconds

Light adaptation Light > Dark takes how long

Cones - 7 mins Rods - 30 mins (Rhodopsin)

Which part of the eye takes 30mins to adjust to the dark?

Rods (Rhodopsin)

Night vision is... and effected by...

Affected above 5,000ft Affecting factors age hypoxia altitude Smoking (20 cigarettes/day - night vision degradation of approximately 20%) Alcohol Lifestyle

Visual defects – colour vision deficiency

What type of vision runs out at 200ft / 60m

Binocular – stereoscopic

Myopic eye is known as ____ and corrected by

Short sighted Diverging lens to correct

Hypermetropia is know as _____ sighted and corrected

Long sighted Converging lens to correct

astigmatism is a wonky

cornea

Presbyopia is what?

Age related long sightedness

Cataracts are what?

Cloudy lens'

Glaucoma is what?

Pressure in the eye Insidious onset eye pressure test drainage canal blocked

Which colour lens' should you use?

Orange/yellow

What kinds of glasses are you allowed?

Contacts Half moon / lookover bifocal

What kinds of glasses are you not allowed?

bifocal contacts varifocals photo reactive

Describe: Pinna

Flappy bit

Describe: Auditory canal

tube you can stick a cotton bud into

Describe: Tympanic membrane

Ear drum

Describe: Ossicles

3 bones attached to the Typanic membrane

What are the names for the 3 bones that make up the Ossicles

Incus Malleus Stapes

Describe: Vestibular system

Semi-circular canals

Describe: Cochlea

Snail, connected to ossicles and full of liquid. Hairs on the inside

Describe: Eustachian tube

Drain from middle ear (inside of tympanic membrane) to back of throat

What altitude do we pressurise a commercial aircraft to?

6000 - 8000ft

Providing what is not blocked, ear drum pressurisation shouldn't be a problem.

Eustachian Tube

NIHL stands for and what threshold are we looking at?

Noise induced hearing loss 90DB

Angular acceleration is sensed by the ____________ ______

Semicircular canals

Static head position + linear acceleration =

otolith organs

Without external cues, what is your circadian rhythm

25hours

How long is your circadian rhythm?

24hours

Body temperature is approx

37°c

What is a major controller of circadian rhythm

body temperature

Between roughly 0200 and 0600 is described as the

window of circadian low

In a time difference how long will it take someone to recover for time difference

1 day for each 90mins of time difference

Lesson 2 Flashcards

(84 cards)