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BIOLOGY 474 > Lesson 25: Primates > Flashcards

Lesson 25: Primates Flashcards

1
Q

social systmes are often driven in part by resource distribution – which in turn the resource distribution drives the ()

A

ecology –> they influence eachother

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2
Q

behavioral interactions can set you up for ()

A

competition

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3
Q

often get aloparental care in primates

A
  • care by an individual who is not the direct parent
  • infants of high ranking females often derive more benefits from aloparental care than the benefits from infants from lower ranking females
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4
Q

often highly ranked females had more interactions

A
  • raised the notion of being social and raise the benefits of the infant
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5
Q

during social interations can 2 individuals recognize the familiar relationship between eachother

A
  • juvenilles will emit a sound when in peril
  • the mother will be the one to respond and other mothers will look at the mother of the screaming baby
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6
Q

where will the losers of conflict often redirect their aggression towards

A

the relative of the winner –> suggeting awareness of relationships

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7
Q

not easy being the winner

A
  • the stress levels can be chronically elevated partiucularly when the dominace hieratchy is not stable
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8
Q

characteristice of haplorini and the stresurini species

A
  • arboreal
  • had complex social systmes
    — complex social systems is an ancestral trait to the primates anyway
    —- most of these traits can be attributed to the arboreal lifestyle
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9
Q

evolutionary trends: plesiodaptphoria

A
  • ranged from marmot to chipmunk sized
  • hypothesized that they went extinct with competion with the rodents
  • first primate-like mammal
  • nails not claws
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10
Q

strepsirrhini

A
  • small and noctrunal
  • wet nose
  • all extant species are endemic to madegasgar
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11
Q

lemurs

A
  • ancestor probably rafted over from africa
  • since that time they have evolved into their own kind of diversity
  • very clearly forms that appear to be arboreal and brachiating
  • even ape like diversivication
    ^^^^ due to their isolation
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12
Q

haplorini

A
  • as a whole are characterized by short snout and also a dry nose
  • dienural
  • secondarily nocturnal in some
  • tarsiiform and tarsier
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13
Q

tarsier

A
  • relatively small brain and huge orbits
  • origin from shift from diennural to noctrunal
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14
Q

antrhropoid skull vs. strepsirrhine

A
  • now fused frontal bones in anthropoid
  • fused mandibular symphysis in the arthropoud
  • anthropoids have larger brains but a small olfactory lobe
    – usually dieurnal
    – show much more complex social systems
    – many traits characterized by their quadrapedial lifestyle
  • aborality
  • suspensary underbranch (swinging)
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15
Q

Catarrhini (old world and apes) traits

A
  • humans don’t habe vumeronasal orans
  • have trichromatic vision
  • enables detectinon
    – red vs. green –> use of fruit within their diet –> fruit is ripe or not
  • platerines contain 3 premolars
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16
Q

new world monkeys

A
  • appeared in south america (having presumably rafted from africa)
  • 3 molars
  • aldolids
  • no ape-like form like there is with the old world and the lemurs
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17
Q

Catarrhini

A
  • characterized as having more forward, downward pointing nostrils
18
Q

oldworld monkeys show more derived traits

A
  • gut specialized for fermenting cellulose
    – many had a highly specialized form of arborality
19
Q

trunk of an ape vs. monkey

A
  • monkey;s arms are more rotated in
  • our vertebrae evolved as a beam
  • in an upright posture, you now have compression foreces
20
Q

differences (ape v monkey)

A

one defining characteristics is the presence of culture
- gibbons tend to be more monogamous
- orangutans have 2 species and 2 subspecies
– show extreme forms of sexual dimorphism
– aborality
– use of tools

21
Q

different forms of walking

A
  • pongo does this kind of fist walking
  • but both gorillas and pans(chimpanzee) do what is called knuckle walking
22
Q

how old are the vertebrates

A
  • life at 4 billion, so about 500 million years old
  • modern humans are thought to be at least 200,000 years old (blink of en eye)
23
Q

homo sapian skull vs pan troglodytes (chimp)

A

foramen magnum
- point in the back of the skull where vertebrae passes through
- moved from behind the skull to more so underneath the braincase

24
Q

capacity for bipedalism

A
  • mostly suggested for by hip
25
Q

lucy + how they knew she was bipedal

A
  • earliest dating homonin?
    bipedal
  • footprints clearly show bipedalism (leaky footprints)
  • important becase of the longstanding depate
  • bipedalism is necessary for the altricial mode of development in the infant
  • bipedalism preceeded the very large brains (very large brains –> had to invest most of every into brain growth – not precocial )
26
Q

multiple times the human lineages have redistributed themselves

A
  • second move with the homosapitans
  • shared the plant with a number of other homo species
  • homo erectus persisted for a long period of time
  • large and had no climbing traits
27
Q

ultimate type question

A

an evolutionary reason

28
Q

proximate type question

A

a physiological/functional control basis

29
Q

changes from the other homo groups

A
  • between the homo sapians and other ancestral groups – the changes aren’t that different from the changes observed in other vertebrates
    — how can you deny the relatedness between homo sapians and neanderthals and homo erectus
30
Q

early brain growth in homo erectus had implications for cognitive ability – human brains are disproportionately large compared to other primates (what drove it??)

A

proximate
- an individual has a big brain because it is a developmental program and is based on xyz that requires lots of nutrients – most expensive organ in the body

ultimate
- ex: increasing cognitive ability was adaptive because….

31
Q

evolution of cooking is a theory for how we got this large brain

A
  • they would not have had such large brains early on
  • cooking makes the assimilation of energy in food much more easily attainable
  • presumably reduces disease risk
  • the energy content isn’t greater – but because it has been changed, the energy is more accessible to the body
  • the energy is now there to support the large brain growth
32
Q

cooking

A

the permanent transformation of food through the application of heat

33
Q

even homo erectus did not have as large of a brain as homo sapians

A

by age 8, already at 90 percent of brain growth
- far less altricial than modern day human develop,ent

34
Q

neanderthals

A
  • we think that they might have had even a larger brain size than modern day humans
  • had very large occipital lobes
  • buied their dead
  • divergence between neanderthals and modern day humans about 500,000 years ago
35
Q

origin of modern humans (homo sapians)

A
  • humans that are visibly indistinguishable than us today
  • can trace DNA back to one woman in africa
    —-> called her eve
    —–> only one lineage that survived long enough to produce the diversity we have today
    – mitochondrial DNA is passed down from mother
36
Q

when did the first bipedalism evolve

A
  • about 4 and a half to 7 million years ago
  • lucy
  • evolved bipedalism in the trees
  • savahhanah hasn’t even evolved yet (no tall grass to see predators over)
37
Q

if you are not bipedal, then it is much more liekly that your offspring are

A

much more precocial
– able to cling to mother’s fur and hang on

38
Q

bipedalism evolved first to enable

A

altricil care

39
Q

2 generations of teeth

A
  • needed lactation
  • large brain
40
Q

human foot

A

does not have a diverging toe

41
Q

bipedalism has made us excellent for long distance running

A
  • efficient in running
  • ^^^ also could have been a driving point of how bipedalism came to be
  • humans are really good at sweating – do not experience that heat exhaustion that easily
42
Q

change in thorax area in homo sapians

A
  • something evolved – change in the thorax region
  • ventral shift of the larynx which allowed for a large resonating chamber – makes it possible to make long vowel sounds
    SIDS
    – could be caused by this
    ^^ enables us to breathe through mouth instead of nose

^^ shift saved lives

  • ## may have been driven by evolution of the cold virus –> could have been driven by the evolution of languge

BIOLOGY 474 (26 decks)

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