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BIOLOGY 474 > Lesson 6 > Flashcards

Lesson 6 Flashcards

1
Q

internal fertilization

A

you don’t give live birth if you don’t have internal fertilization, but you can have internal fertilization and not have a live birth

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2
Q

placoderms

A
  • covered in this thick boney shield
  • ancestral of these were primarily marine, but some were form a freshwater environment
  • pelvic fins
    —distinct in modern condrichthiean
    —males have clapers to internally fertilitze
    ——- internal fertilization suggests complex mating
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3
Q

extant clades of neoselachii *sharks and rays)

A
  • sharks
  • skates
  • rays
  • rabbit fishes
  • ^^^^ living descendants of the entire radtiation of gnathostomes
    ^^^^ cartilaginous fishes
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4
Q

chondrichthyes

A
  • cartilagineous fishes
  • primary a freshwater group a longggggg time ago
  • now –> mainly marine
  • scales are possible remenant of dermal bone
  • kind of like teeth – dentine
  • constant string of replacement teeth when a tooth falls out
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5
Q

cladoselache

A
  • mouth opening is terminal
  • extinct chondrithye fish
  • jaw support is not hyostylic – its anphostilic
  • upper jaw is firmly attached to the chondochrnium
  • body is only supported by a notochord
  • basal elements anchor fin into place – not the mobility of a fin
  • proabably pelagic predators (open ocean)
  • lacked body scales and calcification to possibly increase bouyancy
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6
Q

damocles

A
  • shark head with a clasper
  • nuchal spine (only in males_ –> might be a sexually selective trait, we don’t know
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7
Q

helicoprion

A

no one knows how to arrange this fossil
– has a tooth whorl – teeth wrap into spiral

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8
Q

xenacanthus

A
  • calcified cartilaginous skeleton
  • bone vs. cartilage
  • bone is vasularized – can remodel itself
    – cartilage is not really healable
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9
Q

hybodus

A
  • terminal mouth
  • amphystylic jaw suspension
  • heterodonts
  • 3 basal cartilages supporting each fin
  • triblastic fin attachment –> probably makes it more moveable
  • claspers for courtship
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10
Q

heterodonts

A

different forms of teeth that serve different purposes

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11
Q

hybodus (heterocercal tail)

A
  • caudal fin with 2 asymmetrical lobes
    lobe on tail influenes swimming pattern – how it propels and generates lift
  • pterolepis had a hypochrodal tail
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12
Q

leading edge tail on tip

A

lift is upward right at the tail

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13
Q

leading edge of tail on bottom

A
  • vertical component is downard
  • lift is downward
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14
Q

evolution and radiation of extant sharks

A
  • overhanging ventral position of mouth
  • solid calcified vertebra
  • sensory systems
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15
Q

sensory system of extant sharks

A
  • neural masts of lateral line system
  • ampulaie of lorrenzii (use electric fields to sense prey)
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16
Q

think about how you hear and can find out where things are – how do you know the direction of sound

A

– for sound that comes from the right, it takes longer for sound to reach the left ear

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17
Q

— interaural time difference

A

what allows you to identify location (sound detection –> similar mechanism in other vertebrates

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18
Q

if sharks are following an odor plume of a bleeding surfer, how do they know which direction the smell is coming from

A

there could be a time idfference between the odor hitting each nostril which could be used to identify direcion
^^^Hypothesis for what gives rise to the wide heads in hammer head sharks

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19
Q

disconnected skull bone movement: cranial kinesis

A

why it appears that sharks can kind of shoot their jaws out

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20
Q

true/fasle: internal fetilization is universal for sharks

A

true – they can lay eggs or have live birth

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21
Q

what kind of species is the shark

A
  • K species
  • only so much energy to go around
  • no evidence of parental care in sharks
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22
Q

evidence of a social network in the tiger shark

A
  • 2 individual sharks had acoustic receivers on them –> when they got close enough they sent a signal and were able to find out that some sharks have “friends” “bestfriends” and “mutual firends_
    – fission and fusion behavior
  • social groups would undergo fission and fusion (thought to only occur in mammals)
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23
Q

fission and fusion behavior

A

describes the movement of social groups

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24
Q

life history traits

A
  • life span
  • annual mortality rates
  • fecundity
  • size at maturity
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25
Q

sharks life history

A
  • sharks have a life history that does not allow for rapid population recovery
  • huge fecundity difference
  • many in danger - tend to cross international boundaries and it’s hard to regulate in more than one country
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26
Q

why has the loss of sharks in the waters off the coast of north carolina resulted in a decline of things like clams, scallops, and muscles

A

rise of intermediate species that feed on shellfish
- sharks are a keystone predator

27
Q

batomorphi (rays)

A
  • have about 700 extant species
  • characterized by having these specialized teeth
  • protrozable mouth to suck up food
  • unusual body shape
  • flattened pectoral fins
28
Q

distinguish skates vs rays

A
  • skates have this elongated, thick stocked tail with 2 dorsal fins
  • skates are obipherous - lay eggs
  • rays give live birth
29
Q

chimaeriformes

A
  • usually found in deep water
  • unknown purpose extension
30
Q

chondrithyes

A

cartilagenous fishes
–osteichthyes (bony fishes)
—–ray finned fishes
—–lobe finned fishes
————-tetrapods and all of us

31
Q

devonian

A

age of all fishes
- all the older major lineages of fishes were present during that time

32
Q

osteichthyes

A

ray finned and lobe finned fishes that have more than 30,000 extant species

33
Q

osteichthyes characteristics

A
  • distinguished by the presence of enochondral internal bone
  • has dermal and parachondral
  • presence of gas containing lung that us used for breathing
    — ventral to the gut
34
Q

dermal bone

A

forms in our dermal region as the components of it precipitate right there without any sort of structural skeletal component preceeding it

35
Q

endochondral bone

A
  • cartilage that turns into bone
  • found in our humerus and femur
36
Q

lepidotrichia segments

A
  • finned rays have this
  • dermal bones that are modified from scales
37
Q

lobe fin fish

A

sarcopterygian
- extension branches out like a feather

38
Q

ray finned fishes

A

actinopterygian
- rays extend from bone from kind of like a fan

39
Q

cerebral hemisphere of the vertebrate brain

A
  • vast majority of the forebrain forms an invagination and the 2 hemispheres form by rolling into that area
40
Q

how to actipterygian’s hemispheres form

A

develop by rolling out latterally
—- evaginates

41
Q

evaginated forebrain

A
  • how it develops affects most of all the wiring in the brain
  • the extending of axons hae to dins the right conection place during development
  • when your brain evaginates, the axons make connections with completely different parts of the brain compared to when the brain invaginates to develop
42
Q

evolution of circulatory system

A

originally
– no true division
— oxygenated blood doesn’t really keep separated form the deoxygenated blood
BUT
– emergence of atrial septum (sarcopterygian)

43
Q

do teleosts have a lung

A

no
- they have an air bladder – not used for ventilation
– used to aid in bouyancy

44
Q

teleosts

A
  • appeared in the mid triastic
  • radiated rapidly into many many species
45
Q

heterocercal tail

A

bony shaft goes up and there is an asymmetry between the dorsal and ventral lobes

46
Q

homocercal

A

almost the same length of dorsal and ventral lobes

47
Q

bichir

A
  • ray finned fishes
  • predatory
48
Q

sturgeon and paddle fishes

A

benthic fishes
- dwelling of the bottom of the water column
- lack endochondral bone
- barely any skeleton
- presence of large armour like scales
- only found in the northern hemisphere

49
Q

why are sturgeons at risk of extinction

A

caviar

50
Q

holesit (gnars and bowfins)

A

needlelike teeth for prey capture

51
Q

teleosts

A
  • about 470 families evolved by the beginning
  • fairly recent group compared to the others
  • found in all nieches across the earth
  • characterized y movable premaxilla and maxilla
52
Q

what are teleosts characterized by

A
  • recudtion in heavy armour
  • evolution of a new jaw mechanism
  • posterior end of maxilla is free from other bones od the cheek
  • hypermendibular can swing out – increase the volume of the oral branchial cavity
53
Q

benefits of the hypermendibular being able to swing out

A
  • increae in hydrodynamic efficiency
  • how little drag they canhave cutting through the water
  • enhances the gripping of prey and increases the predator approach velocity
54
Q

common american eel

A
  • takes about 25 years for a female to reach maturity (do so in fresh water and breed in salt water)
  • catadromous – maturation in freshwater then migrate to deep ocean
  • larvae will drift then swim to freshwater
55
Q

otophysi

A

have webarrian apparatus

56
Q

weberian apparatus

A

set of bones that hook up their gas bladder to their semicircular canals of the auditory system
- purpose: aids in hearing
- sound pressure (how loud it is) needed to elicity a behavioral response
— it takes far less loud sound for a goldfish to hear it compared to a tuna
— more sensitive to sound

57
Q

what about the weberian apparatus allows for the increase in sound sensitivity

A

in order to hear the sounds - need to resonate
- sound waves resonate when they pass through mediums
- water is usually main medium
- no substantial difference in density for the outside and what the sound is carrying through in th efish
- swim bladder – air filled chamber – difference in density allows for sound to vibrate
—- the bone picks up the sound and it vibrates along to the hearing apparatus

58
Q

euteleostei

A
  • endotherms (production of heat)
  • the temperature of the pectoral fin stay at around the same temperature –> somehow the fish is regulating its body heat – doesn’t follow the temperature change as the sun sets
  • have countercurrent heat exchanger in the gills
    —– alternating deoxygenated and oxygenated flowing in opposite directions making a countercurrent heat exchange
    —– helping to maintain heat
    —– Opah vs. Tuna
    ——— opah is able to stay at a deeper depth (bc of temp) and explore more habitats
59
Q

acanthopterygii

A
  • stiff bony fin spines in the dorsal, anal, and pelic fin
  • pectoral fin has evolved to move up on the side of the body –
  • has lost the duct from the gut to the gas bladder
60
Q

midshipman telosts

A

reside in the intertital rocky shores
- the male (big) find a little opening/crevice in these rocks and fight off other males – they humm for a long time and it’s sexualy attractive to females
—- she swims over and they spawn

61
Q

2 kinds of male midshipman teleosts

A
  • listens to territorial mans’ hum
    —- sneaks into the crevice and spawns
    SNEAKY
62
Q

cicloforms

A

African ciclid
- have these dominance hierarchies
- single dominant male, bunch of femals, then subordinate males
- males flash these eyebars
- dominant may die: one of those will rapidly ascent to a dominant male
- underlying neural mechanism

63
Q

experiment with African ciclid

A
  • secretly dipped in and scooped out the dominant male
  • within minutes of the lights turning on – they start making all these terrirotrial and sexual behviors
    —- discovered that in the ascending males – there was a rapid expression of a gene (great increase in gene expression when ascending)
64
Q

seahorses

A
  • males get pregmant
  • certainty of paternity
  • females lay their eggs and he captures them in his pouch and fertilizes them

BIOLOGY 474 (26 decks)

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