Lesson 1 (1/10)

Question 1

monophyletic

Answer 1

Includes all known descendants of most recent living organism

Question 2

paraphyletic

Answer 2

Arbitrary group
Does not include all known descendants

Question 3

the most likely phylogenetic tree is the one with

Answer 3

the least steps → simplest → most parsimonious

Question 4

heterochrony

Answer 4

• differences in the timing of certain developmental steps
• major way in which diversity arises
• a change in developmental timing

Question 5

positive allometry

Answer 5

disproportionally different
- Brain size for humans
- There are animals with larger bodies than humans but with smaller brains

Question 6

isometric relationship

Answer 6

isometry
- proportional relationships are preserved

Question 7

Relationship between surface area and volume

Answer 7

if something increases in size - it’s surface area and size do not increase at the same rate
- volume increases faster
- surface area declines as object increases in size

Question 8

invagination

Answer 8

• Pockets on surface to increase surface area
• Volume may not change, but organism has an increase in surface area

Question 9

Homology

Answer 9

• Not necessarily serving the same function
• Limbs develop out of the same substrate regardless of the species

Question 10

Homoplasy

Answer 10

Structures that do not develop out of the same substrate but serve pretty much the same function
- arrived via independent evolution

Question 11

when did the first vertebrates appear

Answer 11

last 10th of the earth’s life

Question 12

t/f: you can use phylogeny to infer something about geography

Answer 12

true
- Can infer that at one point, the land was contiguous if the species were both terrestrial
- If we know that each species exists on different continent, a piece of that continent must have separated
- Map the areas where the species were and infer how continents separated from one another in relative time