Lesson 2 (1/12)

Question 1

what makes a vertebrae

Answer 1

• bones in your back (vertebra)
• 4th tissue layer

Question 2

bilateria

Answer 2

all animals except for sponges are derived from bilateria
- have bilateral symmetry during some form of their life

Question 3

chordata (phylum)

Answer 3

3 major groups (subphylum)
- vertebrate
- tunicates (urochordata)
- Cephalochordata (amphioxus)

Question 4

traits of chordata

Answer 4

• Notochords → dorsal stiffening rod
  –> In development - notochord is replaced by spinal cord – vertebrate (not necessarily bony in chordates)
• Dorsal neural tube/dorsal hallow nerve cord
• muscular and segmented post-anal tail
• endostyle

Question 5

endostyle

Answer 5

• Generally it is a ciliated glandular groove on the floor of the pharynx
• Secretes mucus for feeding purposes
• Finds the endostyle present in adult stages in urochates and cephalochordates but not vertebrates
• In vertebrates → it thyroid is a homolog of the endostyle

Question 6

blastula

Answer 6

• 3D structure
• visualize as a basketball
• single layer of cells - but over the course of development, the blastula invaginates
• cells are differentiating so they can take on different roles
• hollow inside
• imagine pressing the air out of the basketball and wrapping it around itself to form a second cell layer (ectoderm) –> more pinching and invagination will occur to form a third cell layer (ectoderm)

Question 7

triploblasty

Answer 7

where the 3rd tissue layer forms
- bilateral symmetry

Question 8

lancelet

Answer 8

• larva are active
• is a chordate
• don’t have the gill tissue that would normally be uses
• because they are so small – it is thought that they exchange all their gas via diffusion

Question 9

lancelet characteristics

Answer 9

• pharangeal slits are used for feeding
• have dorsally positioned aorta
• have ventrally positioned heart
• have excretory cells –> similar to kidney cells of vertebreates

Question 10

what kind of tissues do vertebrates have

Answer 10

mineralized tissues
- tissues that get hard and rigit
- for us its bones and teeth
–> don’t assume that the bones and teeth are the only mineralized tissues –> cartilage can get mineralizzed

Question 11

what is the fundamental difference between bone and cartilage

Answer 11

whether or not it has a blood supply and can fix itself or not

Question 12

Hox Duplication

Answer 12

a group of genes that are really fundamental of the pattern of development
- the amount of Hox genes have been duplicated in vertebreates

Question 13

neural crest

Answer 13

4th germ layer
- quadroblastic

Question 14

what is a huge driver of diversification in vertebrates

Answer 14

size and activity levels
- when you’re big you have thermal inertia

Question 15

ectoderm becomes

Answer 15

the the cells of the outer body

Question 16

ectoderm becomes

Answer 16

the the cells of the outerbody

Question 17

what do the 4th tissue layers go onto form

Answer 17

(neural crest cells)
– bones and cartilage of the face and neck

Question 18

osteichthyan

Answer 18

bony fish

Question 19

what are the biggest vertebrate groups

Answer 19

vertebrates with jaws and the vertebrates without jaws

Question 20

3 components of the skull

Answer 20

chondochranium
splanchnocranium
dermatochrium

Question 21

chondochranium

Answer 21

• that which surrounds the brain
• usually formed of bone
• in most vertebrates - during development it replaces cartilage

Question 22

endocondral bone

Answer 22

bone that replaces cartilage

Question 23

dermal bone

Answer 23

bone that does not replace cartilage

Question 24

splanchnocranium

Answer 24

• derived from pharyngeal arches
• jaw – lower portion that forms gills
• endochonral and dermal in others

Question 25

dermatocranium

Answer 25

forms in the skin as an outder cover of the head

Question 26

cranial muscles

Answer 26

- many groups don't have cranial muscles - not until we get into the mammals where we have cranial muscles (cheek suckling, communicatin)

Question 27

branchiomeric muscles

Answer 27

important for vertebrates - feeding and respiration

Question 28

axial region

Answer 28

- things associated with the vertebrae -- spinal column - notochord (not bone, but replaced by bone in some vertebrayes) axial muscles -- myomeres -- allow fish to swim rapidly

Question 29

vertebrate circulatory system

Answer 29

- straight from heart to gills (in some fish) - we have a double circulatory system

Question 30

thermoregulation

Answer 30

adjusting blood flow to periphery - ex: blood vessels lose up and restrict blood flow to the fingers - periphery has all the surface area --> easier to lose heat with the large amount of surface area

Question 31

functions of circulatory system

Answer 31

- blood carries oxygen throughout the cells - carries nutrients and trasports has - hormones - oxygen - cellular waste - homeostasis --> balance of water/salt/sugar - immune system - more or less a closed system

Question 32

portal system

Answer 32

situations where blood is carried strictly by the cardiovascular system from one organ to another organ (normally it goes straight to the heart)

Question 33

excretory and reproductive system

Answer 33

- formed from structures called nephrotomes --> from a nephric ridge - in jaw vertebrates there is the archinephric duct --> drains the kidneys - in fishes the kidney will extend the length of the dorsal body wall

Question 34

parts that the kindey divides into

Answer 34

- pronephros - mesoneophros - metanephros opisthonephros -- mesonephros + metanephros

Question 35

nephron

Answer 35

- functional unit of the kidney - does all the filtering and exchange of ions

Question 36

in terms of egg produciton

Answer 36

- seasonal in most vertebrats - human gamete production (egg) are more or less continuous - but htere is a small seasonal signal --> slight bias of births in september

Question 37

semelparity

Answer 37

some fishes only reproduce once in their life

Question 38

who has no special duct for their gametes

Question 39

for jawed vertebrates

Answer 39

gametes are transported by way of ducts

Question 40

nervous system

Answer 40

- dual type of nervous system - unique to vertebrates -

Question 41

what does the dual type of nervous system mean

Answer 41

- the somatic and visceral nervous stem

Question 42

general traits of vertebrate neurons

Answer 42

- axon - myelin sheath - nucleus - dendrite - schwann cell

Question 43

usually how many parts of the brain do vertebrates have

Answer 43

3 parts: forebrain/midbrain/hindbrain

Question 44

in more developed vertebrares how many sense organs are there

Answer 44

5

Question 45

can aquatic fishes detect vibrations, and detect and process electrical signals

Answer 45

yes

Question 46

semicircular canals

Answer 46

- lamprey have 2 - sharks have 3 - part of the vestibular system

Question 47

vestibular system

Answer 47

associated with hearing - really important for detecting things such as balance and hearing and orientation - because of fluid --> there is interia --> lag of fluid, sloshing bends

Question 48

big broad trends to know

Answer 48

- vertebrates become more mobile and active overtime - ^^^ requires a better vestibular system --> if you are sessile, you do not need a complex system to do sensory processing

Question 49

fundamental role of endocrine

Answer 49

-hormone signaling -- also receptors for hormones so signal can be conveyed - hormone glands - receptors - often used for communiction -- can work on a much broader time scale

Question 50

is the brain an endocrine gland

Answer 50

yes

Question 51

negative feedback

Answer 51

- think of it as a thermostat - starts to warm up in the house -- heat is the stimulus to elict a response - output of system serves to regulate the subsequent system - in response to a stressor to combat it ex: animal detects a stressor - releases hormones - gives rise to production of cortisol - ^^ stimulating metabolic response

Question 52

positive feedback

Answer 52

cold air drives more cold air - parturition -- giving birth in a animal

Question 53

endoderm becomes

Answer 53

lining of the gut

Question 54

mesoderm

Answer 54

contributes to many organ systems - making it triploblastic