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BIOLOGY 474 > Lesson 14 > Flashcards

Lesson 14 Flashcards

1
Q

are ectotherms usually just as warm as endotherms

A

yes

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2
Q

endothermy

A
  • create body heat from within
  • high metabolic heat production combined with insulation
  • if you don’t insulate, what’s the point of heat production
  • all chemical reactions produce heat and the less efficient they are the more heat they produce
  • heat is always a product of metabolism
  • the presence of insulatino is CRITICAL for being an encotherm
  • why do we care how warm we are – many of our internal chemical reactions are temperature dependant
  • faster chemical rxn can mean faster cognitive thinking/processing, digestion…
  • out outside is changing also — not as much if aquatic
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3
Q

ectothermy

A
  • animals do not have a high metabolic heat production and generally have little insulation
  • use behavioral adjustmaents and some physiological adjustments
    ex: the luzard will angle body in direction of direct sunlight
    ANGLE is very important – the angle of the earth
    – applies to the small animals as wekk
  • turning to get direct rays
  • convection via air around it (heat rising)
  • conduction via air and ground (touching)
  • infred exchange with the sky and with rocks and other rocks around it
  • animal can move between the sun and shade –> also orient differently
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4
Q

how does body temp affect behavior

A

– because it affects the speed of chemical reactions
– ex:
——- digestion
——- swimming speed
——- O2 consumption

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5
Q

some ectoderms can

A
  • disperse pigment (melanin) from melanophores up into the process that darkens the skin –help the animal take up more heat – darkening skin
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6
Q

ectoderms and blood flow

A
  • if you have blood very close to the skin – that blood is coming from the core of the body and the heat is being lost through the surface of your skin near your fingers
  • what if you could turn off the blood flow to the areas with large amounts of surface area
    WE DO IT – when our fingers go numb
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7
Q

lizards and their 3 factrors

A
  • if warm on the inside and cold on the outside, then you might think that they should open up the blood vessels and dissipate heat
  • even though the animal is warm, it doesn’t mean it’s warm enough
  • have to reconsider its ideal temp
  • should do the exact opposite
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8
Q

if the animal is warmer than it needs to be and the surrounding is colder,

A

you should open up blood vessels to cool down body temp

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9
Q

if body is warm, but not warm enough and the outside is cooler,

A

should not open up blood vessels and not allow for the more distal areas to get blood

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10
Q

when and whether an animal uses vasodilation, must consider 3 factors

A
  • body temp
  • ambient temp
  • target temp
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11
Q

desert tortise

A

endangered – people have them as pets tho
- facing a lot of habitat loss, regular plant food supply has been lost from weeds that were not supposed to be there
- affected by dust and dirt – off road driving stirring up dirt, affecting respiratory

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12
Q

desert

A

potential for water loss exceeds water input
- lot of variation betwen temoerature and enviornment from day and night

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13
Q

in the mohobi desert

A

ground temp annually ranges from 0 to 50 degrees Celsius

  • if you go 1 meter below the surface, you are only dealing with a 15 degree range
  • therfoer lots of desert organisms live underground where the temperature fluctuations are greatly limited
  • characterized by water scarcity - scarcirty of plants — scarcity of inscets
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14
Q

doubly labeled water technique

A
  • quanify in animals metabolic activity – for weeks or months
    —- energy expenditure when in the wild – no testing in the lab
    ^^ can answer with this techniuw
    1st - appreciate the basic stoichiometry of metabolism
    C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6H2O + 6CO2
  • to do this water is made of isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen that are not normal

— The different water made with different isotopes are made in the lab and injected of a known volume of doubly labled water
—-What becomes of that water → over time there is a dissociated of the H and O ions – become spread throughout the whole body
—-Over time the injected water does get lost (gets metabolized) and gets excreted or evaporated, or breathed off
—-Eventually they leave the body —> O leaves through 2 routes, H leaves through 1 route – depending on how much metabolism has occurred the difference in the loss between H and O will change and can be computed
The degree to what they’re different will depend on how much time has passed and also the animal’s metabolic rate

  • if the animal was involved in a lot of activity - the difference will be greatest
  • calibrated to how much time has passed and can compute the amount of metabolic activity
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15
Q

drinking water

A
  • certain small mammals in the desert never drink water
  • all animals need water
  • OPTIONS TO GET IT
  • get water from plants (water in the cells of those plants)
  • or they can make water
  • all they did was take on glucose, breath in O2, and make water –> they can metabolically produce wter
  • mostly how a lot of desert dwellers obrain water
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16
Q

for a chuchwaller

A
  • chart tells us how much water is produced for what they eat
  • fat produces the most water per gram
  • in the dead of summer –> the chuckwaller barely emerges from underground
    —- too hot
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17
Q

seasonal changes in water balance of chuckwalla

A
  • almost no food in september
  • much more food in may
  • most of water comes from what they eat, little is metabolized
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18
Q

spadefoot toad (common desert amphibians)

A
  • have permeable moist skin (becasue it is an amphibian)
    BUtttttt their moist skin is not a handicap
  • they will dig these burrows that are damp in the ground –> it makes the burrow very humid —>allows them to take up water
  • helps animal as ling as a lot of time is spent in the burrow
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19
Q

tadpoles of yellow legged frogs

A
  • each dot shows position of tadpoles throughout the day
  • note that its pretty chilly at 9 in the morning but less chilly at the bottom, so they all huddle at the bottom
  • at 10 in the morning, warmer at the margins than the bottom – move to edges
20
Q

hebron sound

A

big body of water off the coast of laberor
- have different strategies for surviving the cold
- temp of deep water doesn’t mate if it’s summer or winter
- animals do not freeze
- for something to freeze some crystilization must form
- you need a nucleatoer – you need some solid object ex: a grain of sand –> for ice crystals to grow around
- the deep waters of the hebron sound are so pure that they lack nucleators and there is nothing for the ice crystals to grow around
SUPERCOOLING

  • ice does form around the top though
  • animals above the deep water do not supercool – they make their own anticoolant to precent themselves from cooling — will synthesize low molecular weight antifreeze that will prevent them from freexzing
  • some vertebrates tolerate frozen tisue
    —– the wood frog is capable of tolerating frozen tissue
21
Q

huge difference between endotherms and non endotherms in terms of energy usage

A

no bird or mammal is actually 1g of body mass (not true for ectoderms)
WHY^^^
- it is too expensive
- they have similar upper boundaries
- but when it comes down to the funamental property of SA and VOlume
– small objects cool off faster
– they give less thermal inertia
– small objects relative to the numebr of things that are making heat loss a lot of it
– being so small as an ectoderm – they get their energy from outside, and it is energetically favorable to be an ectoderm – to small to be eficient for an endoderm

22
Q

no flat kind of shapes for endoderms

A
  • more SA – more susceptible to heat loss
23
Q

efficiency numbers

A

how good are these tissues in the body as using energy
– ultimately all energy converted into heat
^^^^ the goal for endotherms, but terribly inefficient for other processes
- turbinate bonds in the nasal passages that provide a large moist surgace
- the need to insulate –> presence of hair –> mammals (mostly) or aquatic mammals use blubber
- in surapsids they have feathers

24
Q

endotherny

A
  • high production of metabolic heat
  • need isulation
    -problem for evolution
    —- dammed if you do, dammed if you dont
    if you have all this insulation but are not producing heat = selected against
    —- if you produce all this heat but have insulation = selected against

-

25
Q

HOW has endoterny evolved

A
  • hypothesis that it evovled in herbivoers
  • herbivores inherently have a problem
  • they eat a lot of carbon and the body does not need that much
  • herbivores tend to eat the quantity of other things that they need ex: nitrogen, which is on low amounts
  • what do you do with all that carbon that you don’t need —— you BURN it off with that high metabolic inefficiency –> byproduct is heat
    – then you need to dissipate that heat
    ^^^ letting the organism be more active in general upholds those high speeds
26
Q

turbinates

A
  • enable a keen snese of smell due to the surface area in the tubunates
  • help to capture and slow down the movement of air that is carrying a lot of moisture and heat
  • warmer air coming out of mouth and nose
27
Q

teeth instead of muscular gizzard

A
  • jaws break it down to easily digestible bits – increase surface area
28
Q

only find turbinates in later groups of endotherms

A

were larger dinosaurs endotherms —> probably gigantotherny
—– maintained body heat but they did it by being so huge and having very little surface area
- skin type of ancestors dictated hair v. feathers in one group

29
Q

2 functions of body heat regulation - endotherms

A
  • one showing the change of body temp and one of metabolic rate relatice to the range of environemntal temp
  • endotherms have the ability to maintain their body temo
  • also in certain areas, endothersm can maintin their metabolic rate
  • window where endotherms can maintain their metabolic rate where enegy expenditure is basicaly free
    – curling up or branching out
    – sweating

There comes a point where postural and behavioral modifications are insignificant for maintaining body temp and metabolic rate
we
– shiver
– contract superficial blood vessels

30
Q

why is there an increase in metabolic rate when going from lower to critical and lower to leathal and maintaining body temp

A
  • why does body temp drop
  • if body temp gets too cold, bodily reactions can’t take place
  • snowball effect
  • in birds – gulard fluttering (like panting)
  • causes air to pass over moist endotherlial tissue of the area and drive evaporation
31
Q

metabolic rate

A
  • point of inflection where the curve is flat then it kicks up
32
Q

artic mammals

A
  • some have really good insulation
  • don’t have to deal with nearly as much temp change internalluy
  • can have a much lower critical () temp?
33
Q

grey whale migration

A
  • in the summertime they are up in these polar waters
  • they feed ravenously in preparation for winter
  • they come down for calfs
  • almost no feeding in the winter

lots of birds mugrate to try and get around the cost of lack of food in the winter

34
Q

torpor

A
  • animal will go through a period of low activity to drop its body temp and can save a lot of energy (kind of like hibernation)
35
Q

black-capped chickadee

A
  • would require almost 1 gram of fat to keep a normal body temp through the night of winter
  • animal is barelt 5 or 10 grams total
    ^^ it tolerates a drop of body temp – it undergoes torpor
36
Q

hummingbird

A

doesn’t eat that much in winter because the flowers close up

37
Q

ground squirrel

A

goes in and out of torpor before entering hibernation
– a lot of energy is saved in torpor

38
Q

there are also endotherms in the hot desert

A
  • some challenges are to be able to keep cool
  • ability of some animals can tolerate higher body temperatures
  • many desert animals are either really large , but many are also quite mobile
    — flying large distance can help water search
39
Q

whats going on with camels pressed up against eachother

A
  • SA TO V RATIO – heat moves down thermal gradient across surface areas
  • animals are sometimes in a situation where its hotter outside than it is inside
  • not good because heat goes from high to low
  • resuces the SA where heat can enter by pressing up against eachother
40
Q

gazelle

A

has a unique countercurrent heat exchange to keep brain cool
- as it breathes cool air in, get some evaporation that cools blood going to the brain, blood leaving the brain is warmer

41
Q

some other animals `

A
  • avoid heat by being nocturnal
  • ## or live underground most of the time
42
Q

cape ground squirrel

A

can shut off blood to tail and use it as a parasol (umbrella)

43
Q

can birds normally tolerate the higher temps

A

yes

44
Q

wild zebra finch

A

time breeding specifically when the rainy season comes

45
Q

sand grouse

A
  • mother has its young strip water from its specially coilded water holding feathers
  • she soaks the water up using feathers when she flies

BIOLOGY 474 (26 decks)

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