Lesson 29 Review Flashcards
(231 cards)
avē, interjection
Vocabulary
hail!
miserēre; w. dat. or gen.
Vocabulary
have mercy (on)
nо̄lī; w. pres. infin.
nо̄līte; w. pres. infin.
Vocabulary
be unwilling
You, O lord, I praise.
We shall not help you, Caesar!
In these sentences the words O Lord and Caesar:
1. Show the ____ ____ or ____ ____.
2. Are therefore in the ____ case—the case of the ____ ____.
3. Are set off by commas because they are independent of the grammar of the rest of the sentence.
Tē, О̄ Domine, laudо̄.
Tē, Caesar, nо̄n adjuvābimus.
Grammar
You, O lord, I praise.
We shall not help you, Caesar!
In these sentences the words O Lord and Caesar:
1. Show the PERSON ADDRESSED or SPOKEN TO.
2. Are therefore in the VOCATIVE case—the case of the PERSON ADDRESSED.
3. Are set off by commas because they are independent of the grammar of the rest of the sentence.
Tē, О̄ Domine, laudо̄.
Tē, Caesar, nо̄n adjuvābimus.
NOTE: The vocative of Jēsūs is Jēsū.
The vocative of all nouns and adjectives is always like the nominative except in ____ nouns in ____ of the ____ ____: these have ____. Serv-e! Slave! Exceptions: Proper nouns in ____ and ____, son, have only ____ in the vocative singular. Vergilius, voc. Vergilī; fīlius, voc. fīlī. The vocative singular of Deus, God, is ____; the vocative masculine singular of meus is ____; fīlī mī! my son!
Grammar
The vocative of all nouns and adjectives is always like the nominative except in singular nouns in -us of the second declension: these have -e. Serv-e! Slave! Exceptions: Proper nouns in -ius and fīlius, son, have only -ī in the vocative singular. Vergilius, voc. Vergilī; fīlius, voc. fīlī. The vocative singular of Deus, God, is Deus; the vocative masculine singular of meus is mī;; fīlī mī! my son!
The vocative generally does not stand ____.
Grammar
Pugnāte, mīlitēs, fortiter.
Soldiers! fight bravely.
The vocative generally does not stand first.
Pugnāte, mīlitēs, fortiter.
Soldiers! fight bravely.
The person addressed is put in the ____.
Grammar
Pugnāte fortiter, mīlitēs!
Fight bravely, soldiers!
Tū, Domine, adjuvābis mē.
Thou, O Lord, wilt help me.
The person addressed is put in the vocative.
Pugnāte fortiter, mīlitēs!
Fight bravely, soldiers!
Tū, Domine, adjuvābis mē.
Thou, O Lord, wilt help me.
When the gerund would have an ____ ____ the gerundive construction is generally used instead of the gerund.
Grammar
EXAMPLE: They are desirous of seeing the city.
The gerund construction would be: Urbem videndī cupidī sunt. Since the urbem would be an accusative object the construction is changed to the gerundive as folllows:
1. The accusative object is put in the case of the gerund.
Urbis (The gerund videndī is genitive.)
2. The gerundive is made to agree with it.
Urbis videndae
The complete sentence now is:
Urbis videndae cupidī sunt.
(Lit.: They are eager for the city to-be-seen.)
They are desirous of seeing the city.
They are eager to see the city.
EXAMPLE: They were sent to capture the town.
The gerund construction would be:
Ad capiendum urbem missī sunt,
They were sent for capturing the city.
The gerundive construction:
Ad urbem capiendum missī sunt.
They were sent for the city to-be-captured.
When the gerund would have an ACCUSATIVE OBJECT the gerundive is generally used instead of the gerund.
EXAMPLE: They are desirous of seeing the city.
The gerund construction would be: Urbem videndī cupidī sunt. Since the urbem would be an accusative object the construction is changed to the gerundive as folllows:
1. The accusative object is put in the case of the gerund.
Urbis (The gerund videndī is genitive.)
2. The gerundive is made to agree with it.
Urbis videndae
The complete sentence now is:
Urbis videndae cupidī sunt.
(Lit.: They are eager for the city to-be-seen.)
They are desirous of seeing the city.
They are eager to see the city.
EXAMPLE: They were sent to capture the town.
The gerund construction would be:
Ad capiendum urbem missī sunt,
They were sent for capturing the city.
The gerundive construction:
Ad urbem capiendum missī sunt.
They were sent for the city to-be-captured.
The gerundive construction should always be used when the gerund with an object would be in the ____ or would follow a ____.
Grammar
Ad urbem videndam vēnit.
He came to see the city.
(The gerund would be: ad urbem videndum, which should never be used.)
The gerundive construction should always be used when the gerund with an object would be in the dative or would follow a preposition.
Ad urbem videndam vēnit.
He came to see the city.
(The gerund would be: ad urbem videndum, which should never be used.)
The gerundive construction after ____ or ____ (____ ____) is a common way of expressing purpose.
Grammar
They came to see the leader.
Ad ducem videndum vēnērunt.
They came to seize the bridge.
Pontis capiendī causā vēnērunt.
The gerundive construction after ad or causā (w. gen.) is a common way of expressing purpose.
They came to see the leader.
Ad ducem videndum vēnērunt.
They came to seize the bridge.
Pontis capiendī causā vēnērunt.
The gerundive construction is NOT used when the object of the gerund is a ____ pronoun or adjective.
Grammar
Vērum investīgandī causā
For the sake of discovering the truth
The gerundive construction is NOT used when the object of the gerund is a neuter pronoun or adjective.
Vērum investīgandī causā
For the sake of discovering the truth
The gerundive construction is NOT used when a series of ____ or ____ would result.
Grammar
For the sake of taking up these arms
(Gerundive would be: Hо̄rum armо̄rum capiendо̄rum causā.)
Haec arma capiendī causā
The gerundive construction is NOT used when a series of -orums or -ārums would result.
For the sake of taking up these arms
(Gerundive would be: Hо̄rum armо̄rum capiendо̄rum causā.)
Haec arma capiendī causā
As a rule only transitive verbs can be used in the gerundive. ____, ____, ____, ____, however, which were transitive in old Latin are regularly used in this gerundive construction.
Grammar
In fungendо̄ mūnere
In performing the duty
(Lit.: In the duty-being-performed)
As a rule only transitive verbs can be used in the gerundive. Ūtor, fruor, fungior, potior, however, which were transitive in old Latin, are regularly used in this gerundive construction.
In fungendо̄ mūnere
In performing the duty
(Lit.: In the duty-being-performed)
____ verbs are used in this gerundive construction.
Grammar
In eīs sequendīs multās hо̄rās cо̄nsūmpsērunt.
They consumed many hours {in pursing them, in them-being-pursued.
DEPONENT verbs are used in this gerundive construction.
In eīs sequendīs multās hо̄rās cо̄nsūmpsērunt.
They consumed many hours {in pursing them, in them-being-pursued.
The forms ____, ____, ____, ____, ____ are always used with the gerundive in the singular agreeing with them, irrespective of gender or number.
Grammar
Nostrī servandī causā in castra fūgimus.
We fled into the camp to save ourselves.
(Nostrī refers to we in the verb fūgimus but the gerundive is servandī not servandо̄rum.)
Mulierēs suī cо̄nservandī causā fūgērunt.
The women fled to save themselves.
(Cо̄nservandī not cо̄nservandārum is used, although suī refers to the FEMININE PLURAL mulierēs.)
The forms meī, tuī, suī, nostrī, vestrī are always used with the gerundive in the singular agreeing with them, irrespective of gender or number.
Grammar
Nostrī servandī causā in castra fūgimus.
We fled into the camp to save ourselves.
(Nostrī refers to we in the verb fūgimus but the gerundive is servandī not servandо̄rum.)
Mulierēs suī cо̄nservandī causā fūgērunt.
The women fled to save themselves.
(Cо̄nservandī not cо̄nservandārum is used, although suī refers to the FEMININE PLURAL mulierēs.)
To express ____ or ____ the gerundive may be used as a predicative adjective with the proper form of the verb sum.
Grammar
Deus laudandus est.
God is to-be-praised.
God should be praised.
God ought to be praised.
God must be praised.
God has to be praised.
It is necessary to praise God.
Vо̄s laudandī nо̄n estis.
You should not be praised.
Hoc faciendum nо̄n fuit.
This was not to-be-done.
This should not have been done.
To express OBLIGATION or NECESSITY the gerundive may be used as a predicative adjective with the proper form of the verb sum.
Deus laudandus est.
God is to-be-praised.
God should be praised.
God ought to be praised.
God must be praised.
God has to be praised.
It is necessary to praise God.
Vо̄s laudandī nо̄n estis.
You should not be praised.
Hoc faciendum nо̄n fuit.
This was not to-be-done.
This should not have been done.
As a predicate adjective laudandus, a, um follows the usual rule of agreement for ____ ____, Nos. 474-476.
Grammar
As a predicate adjective laudandus, a, um follows the usual rule of agreement for predicate adjectives, Nos. 474-476.
With transitive verbs use the gerundive ____.
Grammar
Deus laudandus est.
God is to be praised.
Dīxī Deum laudandum esse.
I said God should be praised.
Rogāvit num Deus laudandus esset.
He asked whether God should be praised.
With transitive verbs use the gerundive personally.
Deus laudandus est.
God is to be praised.
Dīxī Deum laudandum esse.
I said God should be praised.
Rogāvit num Deus laudandus esset.
He asked whether God should be praised.
Form the vocative singular of:
Caesar
Exercise
Caesar
Form the vocative singular and plural of:
cо̄nsul
Exercise
cо̄nsul, cо̄nsules
Translate:
Avē Marīa, grātiā plēna.
Exercise
Hail Mary, full of grace.
amo amare amavi amatus
Review
amorous
to love, like
verb
nato -are
Review
natatorium
to swim
verb
do dare dedi datus
Review
donate
to give
verb
