lesson: 2a RESPIRATORY PATHOLOGY Flashcards by mitochondria none

this _____ are long side with mucociliary apparatus, that secretes mucus, that tend to interrupt the adherence of obnoxious agent & it may be expelled as a mucus discharge.

Mucociliary apparatus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

is made up of alveolar sac & the space is the alveolus & the alveolar wall;

alveolar parenchyma

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

this wall of alveoli produce pneumocytes II that produce the sufactant, it’s made up of ______ without this surfactant the wall may not stand to be rigid or it may tend to collapse.

Dipalmitoyl lecithin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

phagocytosis, main line of defense against inhaled particles & microbial pathogen in the alveoli

alveolar macrophages

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

macrophages is associated w/ LPS receptor & cold light receptor & contain many lysosomal enzymes that would help in the digestion of pathogens.

Pulmonary Alveolar Macrophages

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

this macrophages is present in the blood stream, phagocytosis, removal of particles, endotoxin, & microbial pathogens in the circulation.

Intavascular macrophages

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

2 substance that is responsible for the breakdown of antimicrobial barrier.

Beta-deficiencies & anionic peptides

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

consodilation of the lungs causes _____ result in decreased phagocytosis.

Hypoxia

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

once the lungs become ______ it become hardened & this hardening is what you call consolidation, therefore the alveolar parenchymal is unable to sustained the inhalation & exhalation.

pneumonic

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

this 2 are part of normal nasal flora, yet this 2 are both responsible for ;
1. shipping fever
2. atrophic rhinitis

Mannheimia haemolytica & Bordetella bronchiseptica

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

the nasal flora is only present in the most proximal regions of the conducting system, that is in the :

Nasal cavity
Nasopharynx
Larynx
Trachea

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

the lower resp. tract remains essentially strerile due to the exrtraordinary ?

respiratory defense mechanism

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

lungs receive all the blood from the ______ thus exposing these organs to circulating pathogeens & cellular debris

Right ventricle

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Defense mechanism can be susdivided by:

Non-specific
Specific

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Non specific defense system:

Air turbelences
Mucus trapping
Mucocilliary clearance
Phagocytosis
coughing
sneezing

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Specific defense system:

Antibodies
Cell-mediated immunity
Secretions
Ab-mediated phagocytosis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

defense mechanism protect the resp. system by:

Detoxifying
Neutralizing
Trapping
Trapping, destroying & removing

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

the ff factors are also known to impair bacterial clearance in the lung:

stress
dehydration
lung edema
uremia
ammonia
Immunodeficiency

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

the first lined of defense against inhaled particles are the ______ & ______ created by the nasal turbinates.

Air turbulences & Centrifugal forces

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

have a characteristics of coiled appearance that created air turbulence during inspiration.

Conchae

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

this um may pass through the nasel cavity & reach the trachea & bronchi

10um

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

in this _____ sudden directional change in airflow causes the suspended particles to be impacted & trapped on the mucosa.

Bronchial bifurcations

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

bronchial structures are specialized structures known as?

Bronchial associated lymphoid tissue (BALT)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

particles trapped in the bronchial mucus are expelled the conducting system by the?

mucociliary movement

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

only the particles of _____um in dm can reach the transitional exchange system.

2um in dm

in this region ______ particles are phagocytized by PAM's which is then moved toward the bronchioles, until they reached mucociliary excalator.

Alveolar region

excessive release of this _____ by PAMPS can result in lung injury.

proteolytic enzymes

is lined by a highly vascularized mucosa w/ abundant blood vessels in the submucosa.

Nasal cavity

because of this abundant vascularization, the nasal cavity is unusually prone to :

1. Hyperemia 2. Congestion 3. Hemorrhage

a medical term that describes a nose bleed

Epistaxis

is coughing up blood or presence of blood in mouth, saliva or sputum.

Hemoptysis

this 2 is frequently seen in bloat, toxemia, sepsis, inhalation of irritant gases & inflammation.

Nasal congestion & hemorrhage

epistaxis is also frequent indicator of;

1. Nasal trauma 2. Neoplasia

in cattle, epistaxis-hemoptysis is often associated w/ ?

Ruptures Pulmonary Vessels (aneurysm)

in horses, epistaxis is also seen in:

1. Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage 2. Ethmoid hematoma

is an important condition in older horses clinically charc. by chronic progressive & generally unilateral nasal bleeding.

Ethmoid hematoma

Nasal congestion & nasal hemorrhage is commonly seen following exposure to:

1. irritant gases- such as - ammonia - hydrogen sulfide - nitrogen oxide

Nasal congestion & nasal hemorrhage often result to:

1. Shock 2. Bloat 3. Rhinitis

common term of virus of common cold:

rhinovirus

step by step cell injury, degeneration & repair:

cell injury degeneration detachment exfoliation inflammation mitosis repair

when virus is replicating in your nasal cell it causes?

degeneration

what happened in the first day of injury?

1. Degeneration 2. loss of attachment 3. necrosis 4. exfoliation

what happened in the second day the repair stages?

1. repair 2. pre-ciliated cells 3. mitosis 4. cell differentiation

in 10th days of repair what happened?

1. Healed epithelium 2. Normal function

what is the main defense of conductive system?

1. mucociliary clearance 2. antibodies 3. lysozymes 4. mucous

transitional system is lined by:

ciliated & non-ciliated epithelium

defense mechanism of transitional system:

1. Clara cells 2. antioxidants 3. lysozyme 4. antibodies

alveoli is lined by?

pneumocytes 1 (membranous) pneumocytes 2

main defense mechanism of aveoli is:

1. alveolar macrophages 2. intravascular macrophages 3. opsinizing antibodies 4. surfactants 5. antioxidants

what are the factors that reduces the pulmonary defense mechanism & predispose the lung to secondary bacterial pneumonia.

1. virus 2. stress 3. lung edema 4. uremia 5. ammonia 6. several form of immunodeficiency

this are common in domestic animals.

Nasal hemorrhages

what are the common causes of epistaxis in horses?

1. Ethomod hematoma 2. Exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage

the nasal mucosa has remarkable ability to repair, Injured cells degenerate, exfoliate & become replaced by new cells within?

14 days

well-developed secondary lobules, interlobular septa and thick pleura. Alveoli between lobules lack interalveolar pores of Kohn

Type I lung

type I lung is common in?

(cattle, sheep, goats and pigs)

absence of secondary lobules, ill-defined intra-parenchymal supportive tissue strands, and with thin membranous pleura.

Type II lung

Type II lung is common in;

(dog, cat and monkey)

incompletely developed secondary lobules, well defined but haphazardly arranged interlobular septa, and with thick vascular pleura

Type III ( common in horses)

incomplete distention or collapse of previously distended lung

ATELECTASIS

postural forces on lungs prevent adequate ventilation. May be seen in large animals kept in abnormal postures(e.g. surgery) for prolonged periods.

hypostatic atelectasis

- due to space occupying lesions, fluids, air (pneumothorax).

compressive atelectasis

collapse of lungs due to obstruction of airways; more pronounced in animals with Type I lung; the surrounding lung tissue show emphysema.

obstructive atelectasis

abnormal enlargement of air spaces (alveoli) distal to the terminal bronchioles due either to dilation or destruction of their walls.

EMPHYSEMA

Chronic bronchiolitis narrowing of bronchioles isdue to??

exudation and eventual peri-bronchiolar fibrosis

this is the example of occurence in edema & congestion.

Mulberry heart

this can occur as a result of trauma, blood clotting defects, or any inflammatory cause where rupture of a blood vessels occurs.

Hemorrhage

this arteries provide a collateral supply to lungs

bronchial arteries

this appear as black pigment in the lung as fine particulate matter & is common in older animals that live in an urban environment.

Anthracosis

a brown pigment derived from hemoglobin occurs in lung tissue as a result of old hemorrhage.

Hemosiderin

this infection in dogs usually have associated hemosiderin pigmentation of lung tissue.

Dirofilaria immitis

is the term used to describe lung inflammation involving alveolar parenchyma; use for an acute & exudative inflammations

Pneumonia

for more chronic, proliferative lesions.

pneumonitis

4 morphologic distinct type of pneumonia:

1. bronchopneumonia 2. interstitial pneumonia 3. embolic pneumonia 4. granulomatous pneumonia

in bronchopneumonia the distribution of inflammatory lesions in lungs is?

Cranioventrally

in embolic pneumonia the distribution of inflammatory lesion in lungs is?

focal

in the interstitial pneumonia the distrubution of inflammatory lesion in lungs is?

diffuse

in the granulomatous pneumonia the distribution of inflammatory lesion in lungs is?

locally extensive

this is the most common pneumonia, characterized by inflammation in the bronchio-alveolar junctions, involved in the cranioventral parts

Bronchopneumonia

what are the common causes of bronchopneumonia?

1. bacteria 2. mycoplasma 3. viruses

it involves the entire pulmonary lobes or major portion lobes, a rapidly confluent

Lobular pneumonia

what are the organism that can cause lobular major pneumonia.

P. hemolytic & P. multocida

diffuse reaction to blood borne agents centered on the alveolar septa. characterized by; collapsed alveolar wall.

Interestitial pneumonia

interestitial pneumonia is a result from?

diffuse or patchalveolar septal damage without obvious orientation of the lesion.

what are the infectious causes of interstitial pneumonia?

1. Herpes' 2. adeno 3. calicivirus 4. paramyxovirus 5. para influenza-3

this type of pneumonia is associated w/ sacrophyte organism.

Gangrenous pneumonia

inhalation of regurgitated ruminal contents iatrogenic depositions of medicines or milk into the trachea.

Aspiration pneumonia

in aspiration pneumonia, this location of lobe of lungs tend to be more severely affected becuase this is the most cranial branch & ventrolatral aspect of the trachea

Right cranial lobe

this is associated in aspiration pneumonia, there's a droplets of oil being inhaled

lipid pneumonia

severe cases of this type of pneumonia causes increased permeability of the alveolar air-blood barrier & is therefore a cause of pulmonary edema.

Uremic pneumonopathy

lesion of uremic pneumonopathy:

is a combination of pulmonary edema & calcification of vascular smooth muscle & alveolar basements membranes

of either alveolar cell or bronchiolar cell origin is perhaps the most common primary tumor

adenocarcinoma

The thoracic wall, diaphragm and the mediastinum are lined by the _______ ___, which reflects at the hilum and continues as the visceral pleura, covering the entire surfaces of the lungs

parietal pleura

air in the pleural cavity

pneumothorax

Pleural effusion is a general term used to describe accumulation of any fluid in the thoracic cavity.

pleural effusion

- blood on the pleural cavity -when serous, clear & odorless , & it fails to coagulate when exposed to air it's reffered to as

hydrothorax

the accumulation of lymph rich in triglycerides in the thoracic cavity.

Chyle

chylous fluid in the thorax, leaky lymphatics.

Chylothorax

chylothoarx is a result of?

rupture of major lymph vessels, usually the thoracic duct or right lymphatic duct,

Blood in the thoracic/ pleural cavity, this term is also used in sanguineous component.

Hemothorax

what are the causes of hemothorax?

1. rupture of major blood vessels 2. erosion of vascular wall 3. Ruptured of aortic aneurysms 4. clotting defets 5. warfarin toxicity 6. intravascular coagulation 7. thrombocytopenia

focal thickening on the parietal pleura in the intercostal spaces may be seen in renal failure (uremia) or in Vitamin D toxicity

PLEURAL CALCIFICATION / MINERALIZATION

chronic suppurative granulomatous process which can involve the pleural and peritoneal cavities. It affects dogs and cats, Causative organism is _________ an actinomycete (fungus-like bacteria)

Nocardia asteroides,

pleural inflammation is most frequently caused by bacteria that causes?

Polyserositis

this bacteria can causes pyogranulomatous pleuritis, characterize by accumulation of blood stain pus "tomato soup"

Nocardia, actinomyces & bacteriodes

lesson: 2a RESPIRATORY PATHOLOGY Flashcards

(104 cards)