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systemic pathology > lesson: 2a RESPIRATORY PATHOLOGY > Flashcards

lesson: 2a RESPIRATORY PATHOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

this _____ are long side with mucociliary apparatus, that secretes mucus, that tend to interrupt the adherence of obnoxious agent & it may be expelled as a mucus discharge.

A

Mucociliary apparatus

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2
Q

is made up of alveolar sac & the space is the alveolus & the alveolar wall;

A

alveolar parenchyma

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3
Q

this wall of alveoli produce pneumocytes II that produce the sufactant, it’s made up of ______ without this surfactant the wall may not stand to be rigid or it may tend to collapse.

A

Dipalmitoyl lecithin

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4
Q

phagocytosis, main line of defense against inhaled particles & microbial pathogen in the alveoli

A

alveolar macrophages

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5
Q

macrophages is associated w/ LPS receptor & cold light receptor & contain many lysosomal enzymes that would help in the digestion of pathogens.

A

Pulmonary Alveolar Macrophages

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6
Q

this macrophages is present in the blood stream, phagocytosis, removal of particles, endotoxin, & microbial pathogens in the circulation.

A

Intavascular macrophages

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7
Q

2 substance that is responsible for the breakdown of antimicrobial barrier.

A

Beta-deficiencies & anionic peptides

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8
Q

consodilation of the lungs causes _____ result in decreased phagocytosis.

A

Hypoxia

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9
Q

once the lungs become ______ it become hardened & this hardening is what you call consolidation, therefore the alveolar parenchymal is unable to sustained the inhalation & exhalation.

A

pneumonic

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10
Q

this 2 are part of normal nasal flora, yet this 2 are both responsible for ;
1. shipping fever
2. atrophic rhinitis

A

Mannheimia haemolytica & Bordetella bronchiseptica

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11
Q

the nasal flora is only present in the most proximal regions of the conducting system, that is in the :

A
  1. Nasal cavity
  2. Nasopharynx
  3. Larynx
  4. Trachea
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12
Q

the lower resp. tract remains essentially strerile due to the exrtraordinary ?

A

respiratory defense mechanism

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13
Q

lungs receive all the blood from the ______ thus exposing these organs to circulating pathogeens & cellular debris

A

Right ventricle

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14
Q

Defense mechanism can be susdivided by:

A
  1. Non-specific
  2. Specific
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15
Q

Non specific defense system:

A
  1. Air turbelences
  2. Mucus trapping
  3. Mucocilliary clearance
  4. Phagocytosis
  5. coughing
  6. sneezing
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16
Q

Specific defense system:

A
  1. Antibodies
  2. Cell-mediated immunity
  3. Secretions
  4. Ab-mediated phagocytosis
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17
Q

defense mechanism protect the resp. system by:

A
  1. Detoxifying
  2. Neutralizing
  3. Trapping
  4. Trapping, destroying & removing
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18
Q

the ff factors are also known to impair bacterial clearance in the lung:

A
  1. stress
  2. dehydration
  3. lung edema
  4. uremia
  5. ammonia
  6. Immunodeficiency
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19
Q

the first lined of defense against inhaled particles are the ______ & ______ created by the nasal turbinates.

A

Air turbulences & Centrifugal forces

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20
Q

have a characteristics of coiled appearance that created air turbulence during inspiration.

A

Conchae

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21
Q

this um may pass through the nasel cavity & reach the trachea & bronchi

A

10um

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22
Q

in this _____ sudden directional change in airflow causes the suspended particles to be impacted & trapped on the mucosa.

A

Bronchial bifurcations

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23
Q

bronchial structures are specialized structures known as?

A

Bronchial associated lymphoid tissue (BALT)

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24
Q

particles trapped in the bronchial mucus are expelled the conducting system by the?

A

mucociliary movement

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25
Q

only the particles of _____um in dm can reach the transitional exchange system.

A

2um in dm

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26
Q

in this region ______ particles are phagocytized by PAM’s which is then moved toward the bronchioles, until they reached mucociliary excalator.

A

Alveolar region

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27
Q

excessive release of this _____ by PAMPS can result in lung injury.

A

proteolytic enzymes

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28
Q

is lined by a highly vascularized mucosa w/ abundant blood vessels in the submucosa.

A

Nasal cavity

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29
Q

because of this abundant vascularization, the nasal cavity is unusually prone to :

A
  1. Hyperemia
  2. Congestion
  3. Hemorrhage
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30
Q

a medical term that describes a nose bleed

A

Epistaxis

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31
Q

is coughing up blood or presence of blood in mouth, saliva or sputum.

A

Hemoptysis

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32
Q

this 2 is frequently seen in bloat, toxemia, sepsis, inhalation of irritant gases & inflammation.

A

Nasal congestion & hemorrhage

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33
Q

epistaxis is also frequent indicator of;

A
  1. Nasal trauma
  2. Neoplasia
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34
Q

in cattle, epistaxis-hemoptysis is often associated w/ ?

A

Ruptures Pulmonary Vessels (aneurysm)

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35
Q

in horses, epistaxis is also seen in:

A
  1. Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage
  2. Ethmoid hematoma
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36
Q

is an important condition in older horses clinically charc. by chronic progressive & generally unilateral nasal bleeding.

A

Ethmoid hematoma

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37
Q

Nasal congestion & nasal hemorrhage is commonly seen following exposure to:

A
  1. irritant gases- such as
    - ammonia
    - hydrogen sulfide
    - nitrogen oxide
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38
Q

Nasal congestion & nasal hemorrhage often result to:

A
  1. Shock
  2. Bloat
  3. Rhinitis
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39
Q

common term of virus of common cold:

A

rhinovirus

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40
Q

step by step cell injury, degeneration & repair:

A

cell injury
degeneration
detachment
exfoliation
inflammation
mitosis
repair

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41
Q

when virus is replicating in your nasal cell it causes?

A

degeneration

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42
Q

what happened in the first day of injury?

A
  1. Degeneration
  2. loss of attachment
  3. necrosis
  4. exfoliation
43
Q

what happened in the second day the repair stages?

A
  1. repair
  2. pre-ciliated cells
  3. mitosis
  4. cell differentiation
44
Q

in 10th days of repair what happened?

A
  1. Healed epithelium
  2. Normal function
45
Q

what is the main defense of conductive system?

A
  1. mucociliary clearance
  2. antibodies
  3. lysozymes
  4. mucous
46
Q

transitional system is lined by:

A

ciliated & non-ciliated epithelium

47
Q

defense mechanism of transitional system:

A
  1. Clara cells
  2. antioxidants
  3. lysozyme
  4. antibodies
48
Q

alveoli is lined by?

A

pneumocytes 1 (membranous)
pneumocytes 2

49
Q

main defense mechanism of aveoli is:

A
  1. alveolar macrophages
  2. intravascular macrophages
  3. opsinizing antibodies
  4. surfactants
  5. antioxidants
50
Q

what are the factors that reduces the pulmonary defense mechanism & predispose the lung to secondary bacterial pneumonia.

A
  1. virus
  2. stress
  3. lung edema
  4. uremia
  5. ammonia
  6. several form of immunodeficiency
51
Q

this are common in domestic animals.

A

Nasal hemorrhages

52
Q

what are the common causes of epistaxis in horses?

A
  1. Ethomod hematoma
  2. Exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage
53
Q

the nasal mucosa has remarkable ability to repair, Injured cells degenerate, exfoliate & become replaced by new cells within?

A

14 days

54
Q

well-developed secondary lobules, interlobular septa and thick pleura. Alveoli between lobules lack interalveolar pores of Kohn

A

Type I lung

55
Q

type I lung is common in?

A

(cattle, sheep, goats and pigs)

56
Q

absence of secondary lobules, ill-defined
intra-parenchymal supportive tissue
strands, and with thin membranous pleura.

A

Type II lung

57
Q

Type II lung is common in;

A

(dog, cat and monkey)

58
Q

incompletely developed secondary lobules,
well defined but haphazardly arranged
interlobular septa, and with thick vascular
pleura

A

Type III ( common in horses)

59
Q

incomplete distention or collapse of previously distended lung

A

ATELECTASIS

60
Q

postural forces on lungs prevent adequate
ventilation. May be seen in large
animals kept in abnormal postures(e.g. surgery) for prolonged periods.

A

hypostatic atelectasis

61
Q
  • due to space occupying lesions, fluids, air
    (pneumothorax).
A

compressive atelectasis

62
Q

collapse of lungs due to obstruction of
airways; more pronounced in animals with Type I lung; the surrounding lung tissue show
emphysema.

A

obstructive atelectasis

63
Q

abnormal enlargement of air spaces
(alveoli) distal to the terminal bronchioles
due either to dilation or destruction of their
walls.

A

EMPHYSEMA

64
Q

Chronic bronchiolitis narrowing of bronchioles isdue to??

A

exudation and eventual peri-bronchiolar fibrosis

65
Q

this is the example of occurence in edema & congestion.

A

Mulberry heart

66
Q

this can occur as a result of trauma, blood clotting defects, or any inflammatory cause where rupture of a blood vessels occurs.

A

Hemorrhage

67
Q

this arteries provide a collateral supply to lungs

A

bronchial arteries

68
Q

this appear as black pigment in the lung as fine particulate matter & is common in older animals that live in an urban environment.

A

Anthracosis

69
Q

a brown pigment derived from hemoglobin occurs in lung tissue as a result of old hemorrhage.

A

Hemosiderin

70
Q

this infection in dogs usually have associated hemosiderin pigmentation of lung tissue.

A

Dirofilaria immitis

71
Q

is the term used to describe lung inflammation involving alveolar parenchyma; use for an acute & exudative inflammations

A

Pneumonia

72
Q

for more chronic, proliferative lesions.

A

pneumonitis

73
Q

4 morphologic distinct type of pneumonia:

A
  1. bronchopneumonia
  2. interstitial pneumonia
  3. embolic pneumonia
  4. granulomatous pneumonia
74
Q

in bronchopneumonia the distribution of inflammatory lesions in lungs is?

A

Cranioventrally

75
Q

in embolic pneumonia the distribution of inflammatory lesion in lungs is?

A

focal

76
Q

in the interstitial pneumonia the distrubution of inflammatory lesion in lungs is?

A

diffuse

77
Q

in the granulomatous pneumonia the distribution of inflammatory lesion in lungs is?

A

locally extensive

78
Q

this is the most common pneumonia, characterized by inflammation in the bronchio-alveolar junctions, involved in the cranioventral parts

A

Bronchopneumonia

79
Q

what are the common causes of bronchopneumonia?

A
  1. bacteria
  2. mycoplasma
  3. viruses
80
Q

it involves the entire pulmonary lobes or major portion lobes, a rapidly confluent

A

Lobular pneumonia

81
Q

what are the organism that can cause lobular major pneumonia.

A

P. hemolytic & P. multocida

82
Q

diffuse reaction to blood borne agents centered on the alveolar septa. characterized by; collapsed alveolar wall.

A

Interestitial pneumonia

83
Q

interestitial pneumonia is a result from?

A

diffuse or patchalveolar septal damage without obvious orientation of the lesion.

84
Q

what are the infectious causes of interstitial pneumonia?

A
  1. Herpes’
  2. adeno
  3. calicivirus
  4. paramyxovirus
  5. para influenza-3
85
Q

this type of pneumonia is associated w/ sacrophyte organism.

A

Gangrenous pneumonia

86
Q

inhalation of regurgitated ruminal contents iatrogenic depositions of medicines or milk into the trachea.

A

Aspiration pneumonia

87
Q

in aspiration pneumonia, this location of lobe of lungs tend to be more severely affected becuase this is the most cranial branch & ventrolatral aspect of the trachea

A

Right cranial lobe

88
Q

this is associated in aspiration pneumonia, there’s a droplets of oil being inhaled

A

lipid pneumonia

89
Q

severe cases of this type of pneumonia causes increased permeability of the alveolar air-blood barrier & is therefore a cause of pulmonary edema.

A

Uremic pneumonopathy

90
Q

lesion of uremic pneumonopathy:

A

is a combination of pulmonary edema & calcification of vascular smooth muscle & alveolar basements membranes

91
Q

of either alveolar cell or bronchiolar cell origin is perhaps the most common primary tumor

A

adenocarcinoma

92
Q

The thoracic wall, diaphragm and the
mediastinum are lined by the _______ ___, which
reflects at the hilum and continues as the visceral pleura, covering the entire surfaces of the lungs

A

parietal pleura

93
Q

air in the pleural cavity

A

pneumothorax

94
Q

Pleural effusion is a general term used to
describe accumulation of any fluid in the thoracic cavity.

A

pleural effusion

95
Q
  • blood on the pleural cavity
    -when serous, clear & odorless , & it fails to coagulate when exposed to air it’s reffered to as
A

hydrothorax

96
Q

the accumulation of lymph rich in triglycerides in the thoracic cavity.

A

Chyle

97
Q

chylous fluid in the thorax, leaky lymphatics.

A

Chylothorax

98
Q

chylothoarx is a result of?

A

rupture of major lymph vessels, usually the thoracic duct or right lymphatic duct,

99
Q

Blood in the thoracic/ pleural cavity, this term is also used in sanguineous component.

A

Hemothorax

100
Q

what are the causes of hemothorax?

A
  1. rupture of major blood vessels
  2. erosion of vascular wall
  3. Ruptured of aortic aneurysms
  4. clotting defets
  5. warfarin toxicity
  6. intravascular coagulation
  7. thrombocytopenia
101
Q

focal thickening on the parietal pleura in the intercostal spaces may be seen in renal failure (uremia) or in Vitamin D toxicity

A

PLEURAL CALCIFICATION / MINERALIZATION

102
Q

chronic suppurative granulomatous process which can involve the pleural and peritoneal cavities. It affects dogs and cats, Causative organism is _________ an actinomycete (fungus-like bacteria)

A

Nocardia asteroides,

103
Q

pleural inflammation is most frequently caused by bacteria that causes?

A

Polyserositis

104
Q

this bacteria can causes pyogranulomatous pleuritis, characterize by accumulation of blood stain pus “tomato soup”

A

Nocardia, actinomyces & bacteriodes

systemic pathology (9 decks)

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