LESSON 4: PATHOLOGY OF THE URINARY SYSTEM Flashcards
(97 cards)
1
Q
What are the major systemic effects affecting renal function ff. injury or obstruction
A
- azotemia
- uremia
- plasma protein loss
- Water/electrolyte & acid/base imbalance
- Hyperthyroidism
- Retention of drugs
2
Q
what is the ratio of cortex: medulla in domestic animals
A
1:2 to 1:3
3
Q
produced in the kidneys in response to reduced oxygen tension stimulates bone marrow to produce erythrocytes
A
Erythropoietin
4
Q
produced by cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus, stimulates the production of angiotensin that constrict afferent arterioles, maintain renal blood pressure & stimulate aldosterone secretion from adrenal glands, thus increasing sodium reabsorption
A
renin
5
Q
this is converted in the kidney to it’s most active form, this facilitates calcium absorption by the intestine
A
Vit D
6
Q
what is the active form of VitD
A
1,25dihydroxycholecalciferol
7
Q
wat are the 2 renal failure?
A
- Azothemia
- Uremia
8
Q
intravascular elevation of nitrogenous wastes
A
Azothemia
9
Q
prescence of excess accumulation in the blood, normally eliminated in the urine that produces a severe toxic condition. Occur in severe kidney disease
A
Uremia
10
Q
cause of death due to renal failure results from;
A
- cardiotoxicity of increased serum
- otassium
- metabolic acidosis
- pulmonary edema
11
Q
altered calcium-phosphorus activity has what type of lesions
A
Fibrons osteodystrophy & soft tissue mineralization
12
Q
increased erythrocyte fragility & lack of erythropoeitin production
A
Hypoplastic anemia
13
Q
what is the mechanism of atrial & aortic thrombosis
A
endothelial & subendothelial damage
14
Q
What is the mechanism of ulcerative & necrotic stomatitis
A
ammonia secretion in saliva & vascular necrosis
15
Q
what is the mechanism of ulcerative & h hemorrhagic gastritis
A
Ammonia secretion & vascular necrosis
16
Q
what is the mechanism of fibrinous pericarditis &fibrinous pericarditis
A
Increased vascular permeability
17
Q
failure of development of one or both kidneys
A
renal aplasia
18
Q
renal aplasia can be seen in?
A
doberman & beagle dogs
19
Q
incomplete development of kidneys, that can be inherited by purebred or crossbred large white pigs.
A
Renal hypoplasia
20
Q
abnormality of differentiation
A
renal dysplasia
21
Q
misplaced from normal sub-lumbar location
A
ectopic & fused kidneys
22
Q
is not clinically significant
A
renal cysts
23
Q
excretion of large quantities of cystine in the urine
A
cystinuria
24
Q
inherited in Norwegian elkhound, the capacity to reabsorbed glucose is reduced.
A
glucosuria
25
are areas of coagulative necrosis that result from ischemia of vascular occlusion usually due to thrombosis & aseptic emboli.
Renal infarcts
26
results from widespread thrombosis that occur in 1. glomerular capillaries
2. interlobular arteries
3. afferent arterioles in DIC
Renal cortical necrosis
27
this can occur in association w/ many septicemic disease & result from vasculitis or vascular necrosis
Renal cortical hemorrhage
28
petechiae are common in the surface/cortex in?
1. hog cholera
2. african swine fever
3, erysipelas
4. streptococcal infections
5. salmonella infections
29
a result of ischemic or toxic insult to renal tubular cells
Nehrosis or acute tubular necrosis
30
decreased urine production
oliguria
31
absence of urine
anuria
32
cause of acute tubular necrosis
1. severe hypotension w/ shock
2. complete ischemia for 2 hours
3. prolonged ischemia
4. rbc stromal component toxicity
5. mercury, lead
6. antibacteria/fungal agents
7. excessive/prolonged vit d. suplementation
33
are complex compementary tufts where main function is to form a filtrate of plasma excreted in the lower urinary tract as urine.
Glomeruli
34
protein losing nephropathy or presence of protein particularly albumin in urine. The presence of albumin inidicate damage of glomeruli.
proteinuria
35
damage to glomerular filtration barrier can result in renal disease
1. leakage of various low molecular weight protein into glomerular filtrate/urine
2. proteinuria
36
seen in diabetes mellitus
gluomerulosclerosis
37
depsits in renal glomeruli
amyloidosis
38
interstitial inflammation
tubulointerstitial nephritis
39
chronic systemic disease or fungal/mycobacterial
granulomatous nepritis
40
renal pelvis inflammation
pyelitis
41
inflammation of both renal pelvis & renal parenchyma, occurs common in females
pyelonephritis
42
what are the causes of pyelonepritis
1. alpha-hemolytic E. coli
2. proteus
3. klebsiella
4. staph
5. strep
43
refers tom dilation of renal pelvis due to obstruction of urine output.
Hydronephrosis
44
scarring or a chronic healing phase
renal fibrosis
45
chronic interstitial nephritis, or the end stagekidneys or nephrosclerosis
fibrotic kidney
46
what is the common renal neoplasm of pigs & chicken?
Nephoblastomas
47
pervious urachus, the most common urinary bladder malfunction. Charc. by failure of the urachal remnant-umbilical arteries & veins to involute
Patent urachus
48
concretions found in the urinary tract cystine or xanthine, struvite, carbamate, silica, urate.
Urinary calculi
49
is the presence of stones or calculi (uroliths) in the urinary collecting system
urolithiasis
50
obstructive/dysuria
urolith
51
inflammation of urinary bladder
cystitis
52
inflammation of ureter
ureteritis
53
inflammation of urethra, occurs as a result of catheter injury & calculi, charac. by congestion, obstruction, hydronephrosis & strictures.
urethritis
54
prolonged ingestion of bracken fern
enzootic hematuria
55
This type of cystitis is characterized by multiple masses
composed of proliferative nodules of connective tissue (polyps) mixed with chronic inflammatory cells.
Chronic Polypoid Cystitis
56
Multiple small raised red nodules are present on the mucosal surface. These nodules are foci of hyperplastic lymphoid cells surrounded by hyperemia and hemorrhage
Chronic Follicular Cystitis,
57
The bladder is overdistended and turgid as the result of urethral obstruction. Note the serosal and intramuscular ecchymotic and suffusive hemorrhages at the neck
and apex of the bladder.
Hemorrhagic Urocystitis in cat or Obstructive urolithiasis
58
arise from smooth muscle of the tunica muscularis
and are the most common mesenchymal neoplasms of the lower urinary tract.
Leiomyomas
59
arise from lamina propria connective tissue and project
into the bladder lumen as solitary nodules.
Fibromas
60
occasionally infiltrates the wall, not only of the
bladder but also of the ureters and renal pelves in cattle, pigs, dogs, and/or cats. Common complications include hydronephrosis and hydroureter
Lymphoma
61
are rare but occur in the bladder and
urethra of young large breed dogs (younger than age 18 months), suggesting an embryonal origin.
Rhabdomyosarcomas
62
disease is a unique manifestation of Clostridium perfringens type D enterotoxemia in small ruminants, especially sheep. Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin binds to renal tubular epithelial cells and causes selective degeneration of distal tubules. The disease is precipitated by access to excessive starch in the small intestine,
which allows for anaerobic bacterial proliferation therein
Pulpy Kidney Disease
63
is the most common bacterial cause of
embolic nephritis in pigs, which can be a renal manifestation of classical diamond skin disease.
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
64
presence of multiple cysts is also termed as?
Congenital polycystic kidney
65
this cyst is formed due to dilation & hyperplasia of collecting tubules resulting in songiform kidneys
Type I cysts
66
this polycystic kidney is formed due to absence of collecting tubules & developmenal failure of nephron. The cyst are thick walled w/ dense connective tissue
Type II cysts
67
this cysts occur due to multiple abnormalities during development, this developed in tubules or bowmens capsule w/ part in glomeruli in cysts. This condition is bilateral & causes considerable enlargement of kidneyg due to clear fluid or blood mixed fluid containing cysts
Type III
68
prescence of harmful waste products like uric acid, creatine & urea in blood.
Uremia
69
glycosuria may occur in dog as a result of
hypoglycemia
70
glycosuria may occur in shee due to enetrotoxins caused by?
Clostridium welchii type D
71
presence of ketone bodies in urine, which is common in diabetes mellitus, acetonemia, pregnancy toxemia & in starvation
ketonuria
72
these is decreased amount of urine, due to glomeruloneritis, obstruction in urinaryi passage, dehydration, low blood pressure & tubular damage
Oliguria
73
is the degeneration & necrosis of tubular epithelium without producing inflammatory reaction.
Nephrosis
74
nephrosis usually includes?
acute tubular necrosis as a result of ischemia or toxic injury to kidney
75
nephrosis is characterized by ______ exhibited by uremia, oliguria, anuria
necrosis & sloughing of tubular epithelial cells
76
what is the etiology of nephrosis ?
1. hypotension
2. heavy metals
3. mycotoxins
4. antibiotic
77
Macroscopic & Microscopic features
1. swelling of kidneys
2. capsular surface smooth, pale & translucent
3. vacuolation in tubular epithelium
4. coagulation necrosis
5. sloughing of tubular epithelium
78
is the inflammation pf glomeruli primarily charac. by pale & enlarged kidney w/ otential hemorrhage, oedema, congestion, infiltration of inflammatory cells
glomerulonephritis
79
glomerulonephritis due to the presence of mesangial proliferation it's called?
mesangio-proliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN)
80
etiology of MPGN
stretococci infection
immune complexes
environmental pollutants
81
is the inflammation of kidney charac. by degeneration & necrosis of tubular epithelium, edema & infiltration of inflammatory cells in intersritium
interstitial nephritis
82
is the inflammation of renal pelvis & parenchyma charac. by congestion, suppurative inflammation & fibrosis
pyelonephritis
83
what is the etiology of pyelopnepritis?
1. corynebacterium renale
2. staphylococcus aureus
3. e.coli
4. actinomyopsis pyogenes
5. pseudomonas aeruginosa
84
is chronic fibrosis of kidney charac. by loss of gromeruli & tubules & extensive fibrosis
nephrosclerosis
85
what are the etiology of nephrosclerosis
1. glomerulonephritis
2. interstitial nephritis
3. arteriosclerosis
86
is the formation of stony precipatates any where in the urinary passage including kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder or urethra
urolithiasis
87
what are the etiology of urolithiasis
1. bacterial infections
2. metabolic defects
3. vit A. deficiency
4. hyperparathyroidism
5. mineral imbalance
88
are hard, light yellow, covered w/jagged spines found in urinary bladder & formed due to calcium oxalate, it causes damage in urinary bladder leading to hemorrhage
Oxalate calculi
89
are composed of ammonium & sodium urates & uric acids, yellow to brown in color. Formed in acidic urine, spherical & irregular min shape & they are not radioopaque
Uric acid calculi
90
are white or grey in color, chalky in consistency, soft, friable & can be crushed in mild pressure. Multiple in the form of sand like granules, composed of magnesium ammonium phosphate & occur as a result of bacterial infection.
Phosphate calculi
91
are brownish red, concentrically laminated, fragile & irregular in shape.
Xanthine calculi
92
small, soft w/ shiny & greasy in appearance, yellow in color whcih becomes darker on air exposure. inoluble amino acid cystine precipitates in bladder to form calculi. It may cause obstruction of urethra w/ cystinuria
Cystine calculi
93
is the inflammation of ureter charac. by enlargement, thickening of wall due to accumulation of urates, or calculi, pyonephrosis & pyelonephritis
ureteritis
94
what is the etiology of ureteritis?
tuberculosis
calculi
hydronephrosis
pyelopnephrosis
pyonephrosis
95
is the inflammation of urinary bladder charac. by congestion & fibrinous, purulent or hemorrhagic exudates
cystitis
96
what is the etiology of cystitis
1. urinary calculi
2. tuberculosis
3. blockage in urethra
4. bracken fern poisoning
97
