Lesson 3B (Part 3)

Question 1

What are the steps to a physical examination? (2)

Answer 1

1. Visual Inspection

2. Palpation

Question 2

What do you do in a visual inspection?

Answer 2

Looks for signs of pathology

Question 3

What kind of pathology are you looking for in a visual inspection? (5)

Answer 3

1. Breast asymmetry
2. Skin retraction or bulging
3. Nipple inversion
4. Signs of inflammation
5. Bruising
   
   • scars

Question 4

Palpation

Answer 4

Compressing the breast tissue lightly against the chest wall with enough pressure to identify different tissue textures

Question 5

Echo palpation

Answer 5

Immobilization of a breast mass with two fingers while pressure is applied to the underlying tissues with the ultrasound transducer

Question 6

What do benign lesions usually do?

Answer 6

Rotate with compression

- malignant lesions usually do not

Question 7

What 2 views do you screen in for mammograms?

Answer 7

1. Craniocaudal

2. Mediolateral oblique

Question 8

CC

Answer 8

Craniocaudal

Question 9

MLO

Answer 9

Mediolateral oblique

Question 10

What does MLO show? (3)

Answer 10

1. Chest wall
2. Axillary tail
3. Inframammary fold

Question 11

Where does the CC view go from?

Answer 11

From the nipple to marker laterally

Question 12

Where is the left/right marker always?

Answer 12

In the axilla

Question 13

Where is the MLO view?

Answer 13

Above nipple is superior, below is inferior

- not a true lateral view

Question 14

Where do medial lesions appear on MLO view?

Answer 14

Higher

Question 15

Where do lateral lesions appear on MLO view?

Answer 15

Lower

Question 16

Radiopaque

Answer 16

X-rays do not penetrate as well so the object is to get it whiter than surrounding tissue

Question 17

Radiolucent

Answer 17

X-rays penetrate well so the object is to get darker than surrounding tissue, or black

Question 18

What is the common cause of radiolucent?

Answer 18

Fat

Question 19

What do mammographic compressions do?

Answer 19

Pulls the long axis of a mass perpendicular to chest wall

Question 20

What do US compressions do?

Answer 20

Pushes long axis of a mass parallel to chest wall

Question 21

What does difference in compressions mean?

Answer 21

A mass will appear closer to chest wall on US

Question 22

What must you keep in mind when seeing a mass on a mammogram?

Answer 22

It must be rotated 90 degrees because mammogram is done upright while an US is done in supine

Question 23

What is any mass seen on a mammogram that cannot be seen on an US must be considered?

Answer 23

Solid

- recheck for capsule around the mass

Question 24

What do focal masses on US look like?

Answer 24

Hypoechoic

Question 25

What do focal masses on a mammogram look like?

Answer 25

Dense

Question 26

When correlating breast ultrasound with mammography, what should you do?

Answer 26

Compare the CC view of the mammogram with the transverse view on ultrasound

Question 27

What will make it easier to reproduce sonographically if the scan plane is identical to the projection plane of the mammogram?

Answer 27

The shape of a mammographic lesion

Question 28

Ductography

Answer 28

X-ray examination of the breast ducts

Question 29

What is another term for ductgraphy? (2)

Answer 29

1. Galactography | 2. Galactogram

Question 30

What is ductography and mammography used to do? (3)

Answer 30

1. Look at the breast ducts 2. Find the cause of nipple discharge 3. Help diagnose intraductal papillomas and other breast conditions