Lesson 4 Flashcards
(100 cards)
1
Q
A typical cell, as seen by the light microscope,has two major parts, the _______ and the _______.
A
Nucleus and the cytoplasm
2
Q
The nucleus is separated from the cytoplasm by a nuclear membrane, and the cytoplasm is separated from the surrounding fluids by a cell membrane, also called the __________.
A
Plasma membrane
3
Q
What are the cell contents?
<11>
A
- Nucleus
- Plasma Membrane
- Membrane Junctions
- Cytoplasm
- Mitochondria
- Ribosomes
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- GolgiApparatus
- Cytoskeleton
- CellExtensions
- UniqueOrganelles
4
Q
What are under the nucleus?
<4>
A
a. Nucleoulus
b. Nuclear Membrane
c. Nucleoplasm
d. Chromatin
5
Q
What are under the Membrane Junctions?
A
a. tight
b. desmosomes
c. gap
6
Q
What are the 2 types of Endoplasmic Reticulum?
A
a.Rough
b. Smooth
7
Q
What are the 2 types of Endoplasmic Reticulum?
A
a.Rough
b. Smooth
8
Q
The “headquarters”, or the control center, is the genecontaining _______.
A
Nucleus
9
Q
Contains the DNA that holds all the instructions for cell reproduction and protein building.
A
Nucleus
10
Q
It regulates gene expression and coordinates cellular activities.
A
Nucleus
11
Q
A dense, round structure within the nucleus which is responsible for ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis and ribosome assembly.
A
Nucleolus
12
Q
Ribosomal subunits formed in the nucleolus are transported to the cytoplasm for ________.
A
Protein synthesis
13
Q
A double membrane that encloses the nucleus, separating it from the cytoplasm.
A
Nuclear envelope
14
Q
Contains nuclear pores that regulate the exchange of
materials (e.g., RNA, proteins) between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.
A
Nuclear envelope
15
Q
The gel-like substance inside the nucleus that provides structural support and houses chromatin (DNA and proteins)
A
Nucleoplasm
16
Q
Contains enzymes and molecules necessary for DNA replication and transcription.
A
Nucleoplasm
17
Q
The complex of DNA and histone proteins that condense to form chromosomes during cell division.
A
Chromatin
18
Q
A set of loose network vital for cell division.
A
Chromatin
19
Q
The _______ (also known as the cell membrane) is a selectively permeable barrier that regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell .
A
Plasma membrane
20
Q
Known to be the defining limits of the cell.
A
Plasma membrane
21
Q
Involves different parts such as the bilipid layer, proteins,
cholesterol and carbohydrates.
A
Plasma membrane
22
Q
__________ are specialized structures that connect adjacent cells, facilitating communication, adhesion, and the regulation of molecular transport. These junctions play critical roles in maintaining tissue integrity and function, particularly in epithelial, cardiac, and nervous tissues.
A
Membrane junction
23
Q
Form impermeable barriers between adjacent cells, preventing the leakage of substances.
A
Tight junction
24
Q
Help maintain cell polarity by restricting the movement of molecules between the apical and basolateral surfaces.
A
Tight junction
25
Commonly found in epithelial tissues lining the intestines, kidneys, and blood-brain barrier.
Tight junction
26
- Provide mechanical strength and flexibility by anchoring adjacent
cells together.
- Resist shear and mechanical stress, making them crucial in
tissues subjected to stretching and tension.
- Found in tissues like the epidermis (skin), cardiac muscle, and bladder epithelium.
Desmosomes
27
- Allow direct communication between adjacent cells by permitting the exchange of ions, nutrients, and signaling molecules.
- Enable synchronized activity, such as coordinated heart contractions and nerve impulses.
- Common in the heart, smooth muscles,and some neurons.
Gap junction
28
29
Other types of Adheren junction:
- Hemidesmosomes
- Adherens Junctions
30
- Extra cellular matrics
- Link extra to the cell
Hemidesmosomes
31
- Assistant type
- Adding support to the other junctions
Adherens
32
The ______ is the gel-like substance that fills the interior of the cell, surrounding the organelles and providing a medium for biochemical reactions.
Cytoplasm
33
It plays a crucial role in maintaining cell structure, supporting organelles, and facilitating transport.
Cytoplasm
34
- tiny, lozenge-like or sausage- shaped organelles.
- the “powerhouse” of the cell.
- ATP is formed in this organelle.
- vital for apoptosis
Mitochondria
35
- tiny, bilobed, dark bodies made of proteins and one variety of RNA called ribosomal RNA.
- actual sites of protein synthesis in the cell
Ribosomes
36
The ______ is a network of interconnected membranes responsible for synthesizing proteins and lipids.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
37
a system of fluid-filled cisterns (tubules, or canals) that coil and twist through the cytoplasm.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
38
What are the 2 sites of ER?
1. Rough ER
2. Smooth ER
39
- termed rough due to it being filled with ribosomes.
- protein synthesis.
- the cell membrane’s factory.
Rough ER
40
- lipidsynthesis.
- detoxification of drugs and pesticides.
- produces steroids, e.g. testosterones
Smooth ER
41
Can be coined as Golgi Body/Complex
Golgi Apparatus
42
a stack of flattened membranous sacs, associated with swarms of tiny vesicles.
Golgi Apparatus
43
The ________ functions as the "post office" of the cell, modifying, packaging, and sorting proteins and lipids for transport.
Golgi Apparatus
44
small, membrane-bound organelles found in eukaryotic cells that play a crucial role in detoxification, lipid metabolism, and reactive oxygen species
(ROS) regulation.
Peroxisomes
45
Contains oxidative enzymes that help break down harmful substances and synthesize essential biomolecules.
Peroxisomes
46
The ________ is a dynamic network of protein filaments that provides structural support, facilitates intracellular transport, and enables cellmotility.
Cytoskeleton
47
3 types of Cytoskeleton
1. Microfilaments
2. Intermediate filaments
3. Microtubules
48
Thin filaments composed of actin that enable cell movement, shape changes, and intracellular transport.
Microfilaments
49
Hollow tubes made of tubulin that serve as tracks for motor proteins and help organize cellular structures, including mitotic spindles.
Microtubules
50
Rope-like fibers that provide mechanical strength and stability to cells.
Intermediate filaments
51
_______ refers to the process where cells, especially in complex organisms, form and utilize extensions or projections from their cell bodies for various functions, including communication, movement, and sensing the environment.
Cell extension
52
- Short, hair-like projections found on the surface of some animal cells.
-Function in movement (e.g., clearing mucus from the respiratory tract) and sensory reception.
Example: In the respiratory tract, _____ move mucus and trapped particles away fromthelungs.
Cilia
53
- Long, whip-like structures used for cell movement.
- Found in sperm cells, enabling them to swim toward the egg during fertilization.
- Prokaryotic _______ differ from eukaryotic ones in structure and movement mechanism.
Flagella
54
- Finger-like projections that increase the surface area of the plasma membrane.
- Enhance nutrient absorption in intestinal cells.
Microvilli
55
Contain chlorophyll, a pigment that absorbs light energy for photosynthesis
Chloroplast
56
Photosynthesis occurs in two stages:
1. Light-dependent
2. Calvin cycle
57
(convert light energy into chemical energy)
Light-dependent reactions
58
(uses ATP and NADPH to synthesize glucose)
Calvin cycle
59
- Provides structural support and protects the cell.
- Composed of cellulose, which makes it rigid and strong.
- Regulates water intake and prevents excessive water absorption.
Cell wall
60
- Stores nutrients, ions, and waste products.
- Helps maintain turgor pressure, which keeps theplantupright.
- Plays a role in detoxification and pigment storage.
Large vacuole
61
Connect adjacent plant cells,xallowing for the exchange ofions, nutrients, and signaling molecules.
Plasmodesmata
62
- Found in centrosomes, help in cell division by organizing the
mitotic spindle.
- Play a role in forming cilia and flagella.
Centriole
63
- While both plant and animal cells can contain _______, they are more prominent in animal cells.
- ______ degrade biomolecules through enzymatic hydrolysis, recycling cellular components throughautophagy.
Lysosomes
64
- Unlike eukaryotic cells, prokaryotes do not have a nucleus; instead, their DNA is concentrated in the ______, an irregularly shaped region within
the cytoplasm.
- The genetic material is a single, circular chromosome that controls cell functions and replication.
Nucleoid Region
65
- ______ are small, circular DNA molecules separate from the main chromosome.
- They often carry genes that provide advantages, such as antibiotic resistance, and can be transferred between bacteria through horizontal gene transfer.
Plasmids
66
- The ______ is an outer layer made of polysaccharides that protects bacteria from desiccation, host immune responses, and environmental stress.
- It also helps bacteria adhere to surfaces, making them more resilient in various environments.
Capsule
67
- ______ are hair-like structures that extend from the bacterial surface,
assisting in attachment to host cells and surfaces.
- Some ______, known as sex pili, facilitate bacterial conjugation, a process where bacteria exchange genetic material, increasing genetic diversity.
Pili
68
Cells use different mechanisms to transport molecules across the plasma membrane based on energy requirements and the nature of the molecules being transported.
Membrane Transport
69
There are two main types of membrane transport within the cell.
1. Passive Transport
2. Active Transport
70
The membrane remains flexible due to phospholipid movement and cholesterol regulation.
Fluidity
71
The inner and outer layers contain different proteins and lipid compositions suited for distinct functions.
< all the surface, doon siya nageenter >
Asymmetry
72
Importance of FLUID MOSAIC MODEL
- Allows dynamic changes for growth, division, and signaling
- Enables membrane transport by controlling the movement of molecules.
- Supports cell recognition and immune response
73
_________ relies on concentration gradients, allowing molecules to move from high to low concentration without ATP input.
Passive Transport
74
_______ moves molecules against their concentration gradient (low → high concentration) and requires ATP or another energy source.
Active transport
75
________ refers to the movement of substances across cell membranes, a crucial process for maintaining cellular function and homeostasis, involving both passive and active mechanisms.
Membrane transport
76
Types of Passive Transport
1. Simple Diffusion
2. Osmosis
3. Facilitated Diffusion
77
- The movement of small, nonpolar molecules directly through the lipid bilayer.
- Molecules Transported: Oxygen (O₂), Carbon dioxide (CO₂), small lipids.
Example: Oxygen diffuses into cells during respiration, while CO₂ diffuses out.
Simple Diffusion
78
- The passive movement of water molecules across a semi-permeable membrane.
- Direction of Movement: Water moves from a region of low solute concentration to high soluteconcentration.
Osmosis
79
- The passive movement of Passive Transport molecules through a membrane protein (carrier or channel) since they cannot pass through the lipid bilayer directly.
- Molecules Transported: Glucose, aminoacids, ions.
Examples:
- Glucose transporters (GLUT) helpglucose enter cells.
- Ion channels (Na⁺, K⁺, Cl⁻) regulate nerve impulses.
Facilitated diffusion
80
3 Solution Types
1. Hypertonic
2. Isotonic
3. Hypotonic
81
- High solute outside
- Water exits cell
- Cell shrinks
Hypertonic
82
- Equal solute
- No net water movement
- Cell remains stable
Isotonic
83
- Low solute outside
- Water enters cell
- Cell swells and may burst
Hypotonic
84
2 Types of Active Transport
1. Primary Active Transport
2. Secondary Active Transport
85
- Transport proteins (pumps) use ATP to move molecules directly against the gradient.
- Example: Sodium-Potassium Pump(Na⁺/K⁺ATPase)
- Pumps 3 Na⁺ out and 2 K⁺ in,maintaining an electrochemical gradient.
- Essential for nerve impulse conduction and muscle contractions.
Primary Active Transport
86
Uses the energy stored in ion gradients (created by primary active transport) to drive the movement of other molecules.
Secondary Active Transport
87
2 types of Secondary Active Transport
1. Symport
2. Antiport
88
- Both molecules move in the same direction.
e.g., Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter in the intestines.
Symport
89
Molecules move in opposite directions.
e.g., Sodium-Calcium Exchanger in heart muscle cells.
Antiport
90
Large molecules (proteins, polysaccharides) cannot pass through transport proteins, so cellsusevesicles for transport.
Bulk Transport
91
2 types of Bulk Transport
1. Endocystosis
2. Exocytosis
92
The cell engulfs external materials by forming vesicles from the plasma membrane.
Endocytosis
93
3 types of endocytosis
1. Phagocytosis
2. Pinocystosis
3. Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
94
Large particles like bacteria are engulfed
(e.g., white blood cells consuming pathogens).
Phagocytosis
95
The cell takes in extracellular fluid containing solutes.
Pinocytosis
96
Specific molecules (e.g., cholesterol) are taken inxvia receptor-ligand binding.
Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
97
Vesicles carrying cellular products fuse with the plasma membrane,
releasing contents outside.
Examples:
- Neurotransmitter release in nerve synapses.
- Hormone secretion (e.g., insulin from pancreatic cells).
Exocytosis
98
What are under the Plant Cell
< CCLP >
Chloroplast
Cell Wall
Large Vacuole
Plasmodesmata
99
What are under the Animal Cell
< CL >
Centriole
Lysosomes
100
What are under the prokaryote
< NPCP >
Nucleoid Region
Plasmid
Capsule
Pili
