Levels of Organization of the Human Body Flashcards
(175 cards)
1
Q
is the simplest level dealing
with the body’s chemistry and individual atoms
and molecules
A
chemical level
2
Q
Solids, liquids and gases are composed of matter
A
Atoms
3
Q
is defined as anything that takes up space
and has mass
A
Matter
4
Q
the simplest chemical component of
matter and cannot be separated by chemical
methods.
A
Element
5
Q
the smallest piece of an element that
exhibits unique sets of chemical properties.
A
Atoms
6
Q
These are composed of protons, electrons and
neutrons.
A
Atoms
7
Q
Percentage of
Body Weight of oxygen
A
65.00%
8
Q
Percentage of
Body Weight of carbon
A
18.00%
9
Q
Percentage of
Body Weight OF HYDROGEN
A
10.00%
10
Q
Percentage of
Body Weight of nitrogen
A
3.00%
11
Q
Percentage of
Body Weight Calcium
A
1.50%
12
Q
Percentage of
Body Weight of phosphorus
A
1.00%
13
Q
Percentage of
Body Weight of sulfur
A
0.25%
14
Q
Percentage of
Body Weight of potassium
A
0.20%
15
Q
are atoms that have the
same number of protons as every other atom of
the element but have different number of
neutrons.
A
isotope of an element
16
Q
unstable isotopes that freely emits
particles to get a more stable form, which has decay
called radioactivity.
A
Radioisotopes
17
Q
Radioisotopes unstable isotopes that freely emits
particles to get a more stable form, which has decay
called
A
radioactivity
18
Q
is useful in medicine for diagnosis
and treatment.
A
radioactivity
19
Q
two or more atoms bonded together.
A
Molecules
20
Q
a very stable bond often formed by
carbon atoms and occurs when two or more atoms share
electrons to fill their outer shells.
A
Covalent Bond
21
Q
two or more atoms that bind to form a
molecule by giving up or receiving electrons to fill their
outer shell
A
Ionic Bond
22
Q
are atoms with charge
A
Ions
23
Q
ionically bonded molecules separated into
individual ions when placed in water.
A
Electrolytes
24
Q
it is a weak bond that occurs between
a positively charged oxygen or nitrogen atom that has
the responsibility of holding water molecules together.
A
Hydrogen Bond
25
Makes up of 50%-75% of the human body
| carrying out five functions.
Water
26
chemically separates ionically bonded
molecules into individual ions called
electrolytes.
Water
27
serves as the key function in the body
Water
28
composed of ne or more solutes and a solvent.
Solutions
29
Body fluids such as tears, sweat, saliva and
| plasma
Solutions
30
the amount of solute present in a
| solution relative to the amount of solvent.
Concertration
31
used when comparing solutions
Tonicity
32
is more concentrated with
| solutes than any other solution
Hypertonic
33
has the same concentration
| with solutes than the other solution
Isotonic
34
is less concentrated with
| solutes than the other solution.
Hypotonic
35
molecule that releases hydrogen ion (H+
)
when added to water.
Acid
36
a molecule that will accept hydrogen ion
often by releasing hydroxide ion (OH-
) when
added to water.
Base
37
used to measure
| the strength of acids and bases. this scale is a number range from 0-14.
pH (potential of hydrogen)
38
considered
neutral because it is composed of equal
amounts of hydrogen and hydroxide ions
(H+ and OH−).
7
39
have a pH less than 7.
Acids
40
have
| a pH greater than 7
Bases
41
A blood pH lower than 7.35 is considered
Acidosis
42
a blood pH higher than 7.45 is
| considered
Alkalosis
43
come from life and must
| contain atoms of the elements carbon and hydrogen.
Organic molecules
44
molecules involved in life not
| containing hydrogen.
Inorganic Molecules
45
Four Major Types of Organic Molecules
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
46
contains atoms of carbon,
| hydrogen and oxygen in a ratio of 1:2:1.
Carbohydrates
47
simple sugars. the simplest form of a carbohydrate. are building blocks of carbohydrates an
example of which is glucose
Monosaccharides
48
Two monosaccharides that form
| a single molecule
Disaccharide
49
monosaccharides together
forming a single molecule like a bead-like
necklace.
Polysaccharide
50
organic molecules containing
atoms of the same element as those in
carbohydrates but not in the 1:2:1 ratio.
Lipids
51
the building
| blocks of lipids
Fatty Acids and Glycerol
52
organic molecules containing
nitrogen in addition to carbon, hydrogen and
oxygen
Proteins
53
20 different amino acids are the
| building blocks of proteins.
Amino Acids
54
Amino acids are
bonded together
to form a chain.
First level
55
```
Attraction of some
amino acids in the
chain to other amino
acids cause parts
of the chain to pleat
as a ribbon or coil as
a rod.
```
Second level
56
```
The
pleated ribbons and
coiled rods fold into a
three-dimensional
structure defining the
protein's unique shape.
```
Third level
57
```
Two or
more uniquely shaped
proteins may be
connected to form a
single protein
molecule.
```
Fourth level
58
organic molecules
composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen, and phosphorus.
Nucleic Acids
59
building blocks for nucleic acids.
- Composed of sugar, a phosphate group
and a nitrogenous base strung together
in a twisted double strand (double helix)
as in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), or
in a single strand, as a ribonucleic acid
(RNA).
Nucleotides
60
a twisted double strand (double helix)
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
61
a single strand
ribonucleic acid
| RNA
62
The nitrogenous bases in DNA
```
guanine (G), cytosine (C), adenine (A),
and thymine (T)
```
63
Contains all of the genetic information that is
| you not written in English.
Genetic Code
64
Has four letters, the nitrogenous bases of the
| nucleotides (G,C,A,T)
codon.
65
sequence of DNA that must be read to give
| directions to make one specific protein.
Gene
66
Some molecules will react with others in what is
| called
chemical reaction.
67
The sum total of all chemical reactions that take
| place in the human body
metabolism.
68
Speed of Reactions
1. Increase the concentration of reactants
2. Increase the speed of the reactants
3. Use a Catalyst
69
the energy released from the glucose molecule in
cellular respiration must be converted to a usable
form.
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
70
This energy is released from glucose
molecule’s chemical bonds via cellular
respiration and then it helps to form a chemical
bond between adenosine diphosphate and a third
phosphate, releasing the energy is needed.
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
71
Some reactions require that energy be added for
them to occur. Other reactions release the energy held in the chemical bonds between the
atoms in a molecule.
Cellular Respiration
72
is such a reaction, and it is one of the most important
| chemical reactions in the body
Cellular respiration
73
cellular respiration reaction, followed by
| the meaning of the symbols and numbers:
C6H12O6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O
| Glucose + Oxygen yields Carbon dioxide and Water
74
Molecules of different types come together to form
organelles
75
The organelles are suspended within the cell in a fluid called
cytoplasm
76
protein fibers organizes the organelles within the cytoplasm
cytoskeleton
77
```
Gives structure to cell, defining
what is intracellular (inside the
cell) and what is extracellular
(outside the cell); regulates
what may enter or leave the cell
```
Cell membrane
| plasma membrane
78
Move in wavelike motion to
| move materials past the cell
Cilia
79
Provide extra surface area for
| the cell
Microvilli
80
Houses DNA
Nucleus
81
Carry out cellular respiration
and process the energy
released to form ATP
Mitochondria
82
Assemble amino acids into
| proteins
Ribosomes
83
Site of protein production
Rough ER
84
Site of lipid production
Smooth ER
85
Receives and modifies proteins
| and lipids produced in the cell
Golgi complex
86
Carry materials from the Golgi
complex to the cell membrane
for export outside the cell
Secretory vesicles
87
Store and isolate enzymes
often used for intracellular
digestion until they are needed
Lysosomes
88
water-loving
hydrophilic
89
water-fearing
hydrophobic
90
They phospholipids are not rigidly connected;
| they float side by side in what is called
fluid
| mosaic.
91
moves materials across the cell
| membrane either into our out the cell. With no energy required
Passive Transport
92
a passive-transport methods that
moves materials across the cell membrane using
force but no energy.
Filtration
93
all atoms and molecules
| maintain a constant state of motion.
Simple Diffusion
94
Heat causes molecules to move
faster; increased temperature increases the speed of
simple diffusion.
Temperature.
95
it uses the directions contained in
mRNA to assemble amino acids into a functioning
protein. There are 20 individual and unique amino
acids. The specific amino acids used and their
sequence are vital to the protein’s eventual shape.
And it must be transported in the rough ER for
assembly.
Translation
96
This passive-transport method is used for molecules that
cannot diffuse through the selectively permeable membrane on their own (like
glucose), so they need help getting through a channel protein.
Facilitated diffusion
97
An important homeostasis concept is fluid and electrolyte
| balance.
Osmosis
98
If the solutes cannot move across the membrane, water will move across the cell
membrane by a process called
osmosis
99
If the concentration gradient is too great, the blood cells may
lyse (burst)
100
f the plasma is
hypertonic (more concentrated with solutes than the cytoplasm of the blood cells), water
from the cytoplasm will move across the membrane by osmosis to reduce the concentration of solutes in the plasma. The blood cells may
crenate (shrivel and appear spiky)
101
It moves materials across the cell membrane
from areas of low concentration to areas of high
concentration, it involves moving materials up a
concentration gradient against the natural trend
of diffusion. It requires the cell’s usable form of
energy contained in ATP molecules.
Active Transport
102
This form of membrane transport moves large
quantities of materials not individual ions and
molecules across a cell membrane at one time.
Bulk Transport
103
moves material into the cell in
| bulk.
Endocytosis
104
moves material out of the cell in
| bulk.
Exocytosis
105
The DNA contains all the
information on creating a protein, but it cannot
leave the nucleus. Somehow, the information
contained in the DNA must be converted to a form
that can be transported to where it needs to be used.
Transcription
106
is involved only in sperm and egg
| production
Meiosis
107
is the process all other cells use to
divide, and it is necessary for the
development of the human anatomy, in
mitosis, a single cell, the parent cell divides
to become two daughter cells, once the
division has taken place, the parent cell no
longer exists. Two daughter cells are
identical to each other and to the parent cell
that came before them.
Mitosis
108
are sequences of nucleotides that
provide a protective cap on the end of
chromosomes.
Telomeres
109
the study of tissues
Histology
110
it covers and lines all body surfaces, like the
organs, vessels, ducts and line hollow organs,
they have a free edge that borders an open area
on the outside surface or as a lining of an inside
surface.
Epithelial tissues
111
(flat and thin)
Squamous
112
(cube-shaped)
Cuboidal
113
(tall column-shaped)
Columnar
114
tissue lining the alveoli
| (air sacs) of the lung.
Simple squamous epithelial tissue
115
tissue that lines the tubules
| in the kidneys.
Simple cuboidal epithelial tissue
116
tissue lining the mouth
| and esophagus.
Stratified squamous epithelial tissue
117
tissue that lines the small
| intestines.
Simple columnar epithelial tissue
118
this separates epithelial tissue
| from other tissues
Basement membrane
119
has a single layer of epithelial
| cells
Simple epithelial tissue
120
is composed of stacked
| layers of epithelial cells
Stratified epithelial tissue
121
appears to be
layered, but all cells have contact with the basement
membrane, so it is a false layering
Pseudostratified epithelial tissue
122
it is stratified, but its cell
shape is difficult to describe because it is
so changeable.
Transitional epithelial tissue
123
they have cells a fibers in a matrix. The density
of the matrix and the type of the cells and fibers
determine the type of connective tissue. The
density is highly variable; it can be very fluid, as
in blood, or as dense and hard as concrete as in
bone.
Connective tissues
124
has a loose
arrangement of fibers in a matrix with a thick fluid
consistency.
Loose/areolar connective tissue
125
has mostly dense
bundles of collagen fibers that run parallel
to each other.
Dense regular connective tissue
126
has an
| interwoven pattern to its many composing fibers.
Dense irregular connective tissue
127
composed of lipid-storing
| fat cells.
Adipose connective tissue
128
composed of red and white
blood cells and platelets in a very fluid
matrix called plasma.
Blood connective tissue
129
is of three types:
hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage. The fibers
involved determine their type. All three types of
cartilage have cells surrounded by a very
durable gel-like matrix.
Cartilage connective tissue
130
–has a very
smooth and glassy appearance. Its collagen fibers are so
fine that they are virtually invisible.
Hyaline cartilage connective tissue
131
–has elastic fibers
running in all directions. These fibers allow this cartilage
to snap back to shape if bent.
Elastic cartilage connective tissue
132
has dense bundles
of collagen fibers all running in the same direction.
These fibers allow this cartilage to function as a shock
absorber.
Fibrocartilage connective tissue
133
has bone isolated by a dense,
concrete-like matrix that makes bone
very hard.
Bone connective tissue
134
hey are composed of cells with high
concentration of proteins. The proteins and
their arrangement allow muscle cells to
contract.
Muscle Tissue
135
–it makes up the skeletal
muscles that move the body and control body
openings, they are cylindrical, appear striated and have
multiple nuclei pushed off to the side.
Skeletal muscle tissue
136
can be found in the walls of
hollow organs, veins and arteries. It allows
hollow organs to move materials through them and
allows vessels to change their diameter.
Smooth muscle tissue
137
found in the walls of the heart
| and is specially adapted to not fatigue.
Cardiac muscle tissue
138
it is used for communication through electrical
| and chemical signals.
Nervous tissue
139
tissue grows because the existing
| individual cells grow bigger.
Hypertrophy
140
tissue grow because more cells are
| produced.
Hyperplasia
141
uncontrolled growth and proliferations
| of cells of abnormal or nonfunctional tissue
Neoplasia
142
it is also known as tumor.
Neoplasm
143
they are considered cancerous because
they have cells that break off and travel to other parts
of the body where they continue to produce more
abnormal cells, this migration is called metastasis.
Malignant
144
migration
metastasis.
145
they tend to be encapsulated, remain local,
| and are considered noncancerous.
Benign
146
tissue type is not absolute. Some
| types may change over a lifetime.
Tissue Change
147
–tissue changes from one type or another.
Metaplasia
148
is the
shrinkage of tissue due to a decrease in cell size or
number
Tissue Shrinkage and Death Atrophy
149
is the premature death of tissue, caused by a
| disease, infection, toxins, or trauma
Necrosis
150
–is tissue resulting from an insufficient blood
| supply often associated with an infection
Gangrene
151
the sudden death of tissue, which often
| result from a loss of blood supply.
Infarction
152
programmed cell death, this mode of death
removes cells that have fulfilled their functioned and
are no longer needed
Apoptosis
153
can be found in the walls of hollow organs, veins, and
arteries. This tissue allows hollow organs to move materials through them and
allows vessels to change their diameter
Smooth muscle tissue
154
is found in the walls of the heart and is specially adapted
| to not fatigue
Cardiac muscle tissue
155
makes up the skeletal muscles that move the body and
| control body openings.
Skeletal muscle tissue
156
mutations can stem from mistakes made in DNA replication or from environmental
factors called
carcinogens
157
are genes that code for uncontrolled production of cellular growth
factors stimulating mitosis or the receptors for the growth factors.
oncogenes
158
cancer originate in epithelial tissues.
Carcinomas
159
cancer originate in connective tissues or muscle
Sarcomas
160
cancer originate in lymphoid tissue
Lymphomas
161
cancer originate in blood-forming tissues in the red bone marrow
Leukemias
162
is the shrinkage of tissue due
| to a decrease in cell size or number. It can be caused by aging or lack of use.
Atrophy
163
```
Protection, vitamin D
production, temperature
regulation, water retention,
sensation, nonverbal
communication
```
Integumentary
164
Support, movement, protection,
acid–base balance, electrolyte
balance, blood formation
Skeletal
165
Movement, stability, control of
body openings and passages,
communication, heat
production
Muscular
166
Communication, motor control,
| sensation
Nervous
167
Communication, hormone
| production
Endocrine
168
```
Transportation, protection
by fighting foreign invaders
and clotting to prevent its
own loss, acid–base balance,
fluid and electrolyte balance,
temperature regulation
```
Cardiovascular
169
Fluid balance, immunity, lipid
absorption, defense against
disease
Lymphatic
170
```
Gas exchange, acid–base
balance, speech, sense of
smell, creation of pressure
gradients necessary to circulate
blood and lymph
```
Respiratory
171
Ingestion, digestion, absorption,
| defecation
Digestive
172
Removal of metabolic wastes,
fluid and electrolyte balance,
acid–base balance, blood
pressure regulation
Excretory/urinary
173
Production and delivery
of sperm, secretion of sex
hormones
Male reproductive
174
Production of an egg, housing
of the fetus, birth, lactation,
secretion of sex hormones
Female
| reproductive
175
There are 11 systems in the human body:
integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular,
lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, excretory/urinary, and reproductive.
