Skeletal system Flashcards
(224 cards)
1
Q
is the one thing that all mammals, reptiles,
amphibians, birds, fish, insects and humans have in common.
A
skeleton
2
Q
are the ones that gives the body support,
structure, the ability to move
A
Skeletal system
3
Q
It protects the organ, reduces blood cells, and maintains
electrolytes and acid-based minerals
A
Skeletal system
4
Q
has a function of building up the bones
anatomy; bones, cartilage and ligaments.
A
Skeletal system
5
Q
Technically organs due to containing more than one type of
tissue
A
Bones
6
Q
Mostly made up of OSSEOUS (BONE) TISSUE. Along with
the cartilage, muscle, nervous and epithelial tissues
A
bones
7
Q
regulates bone formation and gives protection against
glucose and tolerant Diabetes
A
OSTEOCALCIN
8
Q
process in blood cell production generated in
the bone marrows.
A
Hematopoiesis-
9
Q
The body has ___ bones at birth and ___ bones as an
adult.
A
270 and 206
10
Q
Bone Types
A
bone types include flat, long short, sesamoid, and
irregular.
11
Q
longer than it is wide with clubby ends
o Example: arms, legs, fingers and toes
A
Long bone
12
Q
not longer than they ae wide
o Example: wrist bones and proximal foot bones
A
Short Bone
13
Q
flat and looks like a sheet of modelling clay that
molds onto an object
o Example: cranial bones, (skull, and ribs)
A
Flat Bone
14
Q
does not fit into any other categories.
o Example: vertebrae
A
Irregular Bones
15
Q
attach muscle to the bone
A
Tendons
16
Q
attach bone to bone.
A
Ligaments
17
Q
looks like sesame seeds, helps protect
tendons
o Examples: Patella or Kneecaps
A
Sesamoid Bones
18
Q
Consists of 80 bones comprising the (skull, cage and
vertebral column
A
The AXIAL SKELETON
19
Q
Consists of CRANIAL BONE, FACIAL BONE, SPINAL
COLUMN, STERNUM AND RIBS, HYOID BONE
A
The AXIAL SKELETON
20
Q
bony structure housing the brain having EIGHT (8)
CRANIAL BONES
A
CRANIUM
21
Q
Join together at the top of the head
to form the top and sides of the cranial cavity.
A
Parietal bones (2 bones)
22
Q
Forms the rear of the skull.
A
Occipital bone (1 bone)
23
Q
Form the sides of the cranium
and part of the cranial floor;
A
Temporal bones (2 bones)
24
Q
an opening into the ear
A
External auditory meatus
25
a prominent lump behind the ear
Mastoid process
26
cheekbone
Zygomatic arch
27
serves as an attachment point for several
| neck muscles
Styloid process
28
```
Forms the forehead and the roof of the
eye sockets (orbits).
```
Frontal bone (1 bone)
29
Forms a key part of the cranial floor
as well as the floor and side walls of the
orbits.
Sphenoid bone (1 bone)
30
Contributes to the walls of the orbits,
| the roof and walls of the nasal cavity, and the nasal septum.
Ethmoid bone (1 bone):
31
allows the passage of blood vessels
| and nerves
Foramina (Foramen)
32
allows the spinal cord to exit the cranial
| activity.
Foramen Magnum
33
located in occipital
| bones’ posterior which is larger in males.
External Occipital Protuberance
34
irregular bones that form the
| majority of the cranial activity floor.
Ethmoid & Sphenoid
35
perforated with many holes and allows
nerve endings to have access to the nasal cavity for the
sense of smell.
Cribriform Plate
36
lateral bony ridge.
Conchae
37
found inside the sphenoid that looks like a
| Turkish saddle that helps protect the pituitary glands.
Sella Turcica
38
bones of the face
14
39
They support the teeth, provide an
attachment point for the muscles used in chewing and for
facial expression, form part of the nasal and orbital cavities,
FACIAL BONES
40
These bones meet to form the
| upper jaw.
Maxillae (2 bones)
41
These bones shape
| the cheeks and form the outer edge of the orbit.
Zygomatic bones (2 bones)
42
This is the largest and
strongest bone of the face. It articulates with the
temporal bone at the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), making it
the only facial bone that can move.
Mandible (1 bone)
43
These paper-thin
| bones form part of the side wall of the orbit.
Lacrimal bones (2 bones)
44
These rectangular bones
| form the bridge of the nose; the rest of the nose is shaped by cartilage.
Nasal bones (2 bones)
45
The conchae
bones (singular: concha) contribute to the nasal
cavity.
Inferior nasal conchae (2 bones):
46
This small bone forms the inferior
half of the nasal septum. (The superior half is
❖ formed by the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid
bone.)
Vomer (1 bone)
47
These bones form the
posterior portion of the hard palate, part of the wall of
the nasal cavity, and part of the floor of the orbit.
Palatine bones (2 bones)
48
A U-shaped bone that sits between the
chin and the larynx. The hyoid bone—which is the only
bone that
doesn’t articulate with any other bone—serves as an
attachment point for muscles that control the tongue,
mandible, and larynx
HYOID BONE
49
forms cavities of the frontal, ethmoid,
sphenoid and maxilla, and is filled with air that helps
warm and moisten inspired air. In addition, it gives
resonance to the voice
Sinuses
50
An adult is composed of 26 bones containing
the sacrum, coccyx, 7 cervical vertebrae, 12
thoracic vertebrae and 5 lumbar vertebrae
VERTEBRAL COLUMN
51
allows the spinal cords to
pass through the vertebra and spinal nerves exit the
spinal cord
Vertebral Foramen
52
disk located between the
vertebrae by fibrocartilage, and supports the body
weight acts as shock absorbers
Intervertebral Disk
53
have typical foramina in the transverse processes,
| where the vertebral arteries passes through to the head.
Cervical Vertebrae (C1- C7)
54
Named for the Greek god who carried
the world on his shoulders, the role of the first cervical
vertebra is
to support the skull.
C1 (ATLAS)
55
has a
| projection called the dens or odontoid process.
C2 (AXIS)
56
```
These bones form a cone shaped cage that surrounds and protects the heart
and lungs and provides an attachment point for the
pectoral girdle (shoulder) and upper limbs.
```
thoracic cage
57
commonly called “hunchback,” is an exaggerated abnormal curvature
of the thoracic vertebrae.
Kyphosis,
58
The most common abnormal curvature is
scoliosis.
59
commonly called “swayback,” is an exaggerated curvature of the lumbar vertebrae,
often associated with obesity and pregnancy.
Lordosis
60
This allows you to turn your head to the right or left.
Axis
61
The 12 thoracic vertebrae are distinctive because they are the
only vertebrae in the body that have smooth surfaces called
costal facets.
62
vertebrae that are the most massive because
| they support the weight of the body.
Lumbar vertebrae
63
complete the inferior end of the
| spinal column
Sacrum and coccyx
64
is composed
of five separate bones in a fetus that fuse
to become one bone in an adult.
Sacrum
65
is composed of four to five bones
in a fetus that fuse to become one bone
in an adult.
Coccyx
66
is a flat bone
composed of three parts: the manubrium, the body, and the xiphoid
process
sternum
67
in a sternum, This is the broadest portion; the suprasternal
notch (at the top of the manubrium between the two clavicles)
is easily palpated.
Manubrium
68
```
This is the longest portion; it joins the manubrium at the
sternal angle (also called the angle of Louis), which is also the
location of the second rib.
```
Body
69
```
An important landmark for
cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), the xiphoid process
provides an attachment point for some abdominal muscles.
```
Xiphoid process
70
Twelve pairs of ___ attach to the vertebral column.
ribs
71
called true ribs
Ribs 1 to 7
72
attach to the sternum by a strip
| of hyaline cartilage called costal cartilage.
Ribs 1 to 7
73
Pairs 8 through 12 are considered
false ribs
74
share a
| costal cartilage to connect to the sternum.
pairs 8 through 10
75
are considered to
be false floating ribs because they are
not connected to the sternum.
Pairs 11 and 12
76
bones attach the arm bones to the
| axial skeleton
pectoral girdle
77
bones attach the leg bones to
| the axial skeleton
pelvic girdle
78
is composed of the bones of the limbs
and the bones (called girdles) that attach each limb to the axial
skeleton
Appendicular Skeleton
79
– composed of hyaline cartilage
| connective tissue
COSTAL CARTILAGES
80
The lower edges of the thoracic cage are called the
costal margins
81
Are larger and
| heavier than vertebral bodies in other regions
LUMBAR VERTEBRAE (L1 to L5)
82
– is a slightly S-shaped bone, the clavicle
articulates with the sternum and the scapula and helps
support the shoulder.
Clavicle
83
located on the posterior portion of the thorax;
lies over ribs 2 to 7. The lateral portion of this triangle-shaped
bone has three main features.
Scapula
84
This extension of the scapula
articulates with the clavicle; it is the only point where the arm
and the
scapula attach to the rest of the skeleton. T
The acromion process
85
This finger-like process provides a
| point of attachment for some of the muscles of the arm.
The coracoid process
86
This shallow socket articulates with the
| head of the humerus (upper arm bone).
The glenoid cavity
87
located at the proximal end of the humerus. It articulates with
the glenoid cavity of the scapula.
Head
88
These are attachment points for muscles by tendons.
Greater and lesser tubercles
89
are rough areas on
a bone that serve as attachment points of muscles by
tendons. This tuberosity is an attachment point for the
deltoid muscle
Tuberosities
90
is a rounded
smooth surface on the distal end of the bone. It articulates
with the radius, which you will read about shortly.
capitulum
91
is a pulley-shaped smooth surface on the distal end of the humerus.
It articulates with the ulna, which you will also read about
shortly
trochlea
92
are smooth bone surfaces that articulate with another bone
| at a joint
Condyles
93
are rough bumps
usually to the side of the condyles that work as attachment
points for muscles by tendons. You will need to be able to
determine medial from lateral epicondyles, as this will be
very relevant when you study muscles in the muscular system chapter.
Epicondyles
94
is a depression in a bone.
fossa
95
is a long bone of the forearm
Radius
96
is the long bone of the upper arm. It contains
| these features:
HUMERUS
97
– is located on the same side as the thumb.
RADIUS
98
is the other bone of the lower arm; it is longer than the
| radius
ulna
99
connects the radius and ulna
| along the length of the two bones
Interosseous membrane
100
8 short bones in the wrist
Carpals
101
5 long bones that makes up the palm
Metacarpals
102
8 carpal bones
The scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform,
| trapezium, trapezoid, capitate and hamate
103
14 long bones that make up the fingers,
phalanges
104
Each of the two large bones of the hip is called an
ossa
| coxae/ coxal bone or innominate bone
105
A large, flaring section you can feel under the skin.
Ilium
106
The lower posterior portion.
| Pubis: The most anterior portion that joint
Ischium
107
The third bone of the pelvic girdle, the
pubis, is the most anterior bone. Together these three bones form a
lateral feature called the
acetabulum
108
is the most anterior bone.
pubis
109
The most anterior portion that joins with the other pubis
at the symphysis pubis, a disc of cartilage that separates the
two pubic bones.
pubis
110
The combination of the os coxae and the sacrum
| is known as the
pelvis
111
extends between what’s known as the pelvic
| brim.
true pelvis
112
is the lower edge of the true pelvis.
pelvic outlet
113
passageway through which an infant enters the world;
pelvic outlet
114
extends between the outer, flaring edges of
| the iliac bone
false pelvis
115
connects the fibrocartilage at a joint called the
| Pubic Symphysis.
Pelvic Girdles
116
The longest and strongest bone in the body, the
femur articulates with the acetabulum of the pelvis to form a
balls and-socket joint.
FEMUR
117
Commonly known as the kneecap
PATELLA
118
The long and slender ____ resides alongside the
| tibia and helps stabilize the ankle. It does not bear any weight.
fibula
119
Of the two bones in the lower leg, the tibia is the only
| one that bears weight
tibia
120
which are numbered
I through V, beginning medially—form the middle portion
of the foot.
METATARSALS
121
The ____ bones comprise the ankle.
Tarsal
122
The second-largest tarsal bone is the
Talus
123
The largest tarsal bone is the
calcaneus
124
the study of microscopic anatomy
| of cells and tissues
Histology
125
the study of bones
Osteology
126
is a dynamin tissue that is highly calcified, solid,
| rigid connective tissue
BONE CONNECTIVE TISSUES
127
builds a bone tissue by forming a
soft matrix of protein and carbohydrate
molecules with hard mineral crystals to be
deposited n the matrix
Osteoblast
128
calcium phosphate
| mineral salt that makes the crystal hard.
Hydroxyapatite
129
gives the matrix bone
flexibility, without collagen fibers, bones
become brittle.
Collagen Fibers
130
destroys bone tissue for
| remodeling
Osteoclasts
131
s very dense and highly organized
compact bone
132
is arranged in a series of osteons
compact bone
133
he most basic
structural unit of the bone. Cylindrical weight
baring structures that run parallel to the bones
axis.
Osteons (Harvasian System)
134
contains blood vessels and a
| nerve.
Harvesian canal
135
is matrix formed around the canal in
| concentric layers.
Lamellae
136
are mature osteoblasts that are
found in spaces called lacunae arranged in
circles around the central canal.
Osteocytes
137
are the tiny cracks in the matrix
allow the osteocytes to reach out to each other
and to the central canal for the nutrients.
Canaliculi
138
This type of bone is found in the end of long bones and in the
middle of flat and irregular bones
Cancellous bone
139
In cartilage connective tissue, the cells are called
chondrocytes
140
is spongy in appearance,
characterized by delicate silver and plates of bone with
spaces
compact bone
141
arranged in delicate silvers and plates
Trabeculae
142
is basically a protein molecule
with a carbohydrate added to it. This type of
tissue lacks a blood supply
Proteoglycans
143
This type of cartilage is found covering the ends of long
bones, in the costal cartilage of the ribs, and in the nasal
cartilages of the nose
Hyaline Cartilage Connective Tissue
144
This cartilage is found on the pinna of the ear (outer
| ear flap) and in the epiglottis in the throat.
Elastic Cartilage Connective Tissue
145
This type of cartilage is found in the intervertebral disc.
| The pubic symphysis, and the meniscus of the knee.
Fibrocartilage Connective Tissue
146
Stores Energy as Fat (can turn
into red bone marrow in case of an
extreme anemia)
Yellow Bone Marrow
147
Produces Red Blood Cells also
| white blood cells and platelets.
Red Bone Marrow
148
found on clubby ends of a long bone
Epiphyses
149
provides a smooth surface for the
| end a long bone to articulate with another bone.
Articular cartilage
150
s firmly attached to the bone.
| - Cancellous bone is found in the epiphyses.
Articular cartilage
151
Cancellous bone is found in the
Epiphyses
152
Shaft of the long bone
Diaphysis
153
It is composed of compact bone, but it is not a solid bone.
Diaphysis
154
s a hollow tube of compact bone filled with the
yellow bone marrow in what is called marrow
(medullary) cavity.
Diaphysis
155
a fibrous covering of diaphysis
Periosteum
156
enters the bone through a foramen in the
| diaphysis
Nutrient artery
157
is found in the spaces of cancellous
bone. This includes flat bones like sternum, irregular
bones like the vertebrae, and the epiphyses of long bones.
Red bone marrow is composed of stem cells, which
produce both red and white blood cells and platelets.
RED BONE MARROW
158
is found in the marrow cavity of
mature long bones. The marrow cavity in a
developing long bone originally contains red marrow. By the
time the bone matures, the marrow has become
yellow marrow composed of mostly fatty tissue.
YELLOW BONE MARROW
159
have fibrous tissue between
the bones. There are three types of joints in this
class.
FIBROUS JOINTS.
160
has a fibrous
membrane between bones until the suture is
completely closed. It can be found between cranial
bones of the skull.
Sutures.
161
is formed by
| fibrous ligaments holding a tooth in its socket.
Gamphoses.
162
is
formed by an interosseous membrane. It can be
found between the radius and the ulna and between
the tibia and the fibula.
Syndesmoses
163
has fibrocartilage between the two pubic bones. This
joint becomes more elastic and slightly movable during the
birth process.
pubic symphysis
164
This fluid lubricates the joint, reducing the heat
| of friction as the bones articulate.
synovial fluid
165
Very movable in one direction, like a door hinge. C-shaped surface of one bone swings about the
rounded surface of another bone.
Hinge
166
Very movable in all direction. Ball of one
bone fits into a socket of another. Hip;
shoulder
• Ball and socket
167
All movements possible, but rotation is limited.
Concave surface of two bones articulates with one
another. Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb.
Saddle
168
Up-and-down wave of the hand at the wrist. Two
opposed flat surfaces of bone glide past one
another. Carpal bones
Gliding
169
All movement but rotation severely limited; side-to-side wave of the hand at the wrist. Reduce
ball and socket. Reduce ball and socket T
Ellipsoid
170
Rotation. Ring of bone articulates with a post of
| bone. Atlas on the odontoid process.
Pivot
171
t attaches the
epicondyles of the femur to the epicondyles of the tibia and
fibula. They prevent side-to-side movement at the knee.
Medial and lateral collateral ligaments
172
attach the femur to
the tibia. They cross to form an X between the femur’s
condyles, and they are named for their attachment relative to
the tibia: the anterior cruciate ligament attaches to the tibia’s
anterior, and the posterior cruciate ligament attaches to the
tibia’s posterior side. These ligaments prevent the femur from
sliding forward or backward relative to the tibia.
Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments
173
sometimes called the patellar tendon,
attaches the patella to the tibia. It qualifies as a tendon and a
ligament because it attaches muscle to bone and bone to bone.
patellar ligament
174
Bone matrix is synthesized by a layer of
| osteoblasts on the bone surface.
Mineral deposition-
175
are mononucleate cuboid cells that are
responsible for bone formation. They produce the collagen
fibers at bone’s hydroxyapatite crystals. They simply allow
hydroxyapatite to be deposited. Calcium phosphate is
dissolved in body fluids and blood.
Osteoblasts
176
are processes of bone development in
| the fetus.
Intramembranous and endochondral ossification
177
After birth, the bones grow through two processes:
endochondral growth and
| appositional growth.
178
In this process, the osteoblasts
are continuing to deposit bone in the epiphyseal plates.
-the chondrocytes continue to expand the plates with
cartilage.
- race of the two types of cells happens here until it
reaches puberty
Endochondral Growth
179
occurs in all types of bone.
-In this process, it does no longer makes the bone
longer, but it makes it more massive wherein,
Osteoblasts of the periosteum deposit more bone on the
bone’s shaft and the osteoblasts of the cancellous
bone’s trabeculae in the epiphyses deposit more bone
along the bone’s lines of stress.
Appositional Bone Growth
180
A process in which matrix is resorbed on one surface of
| a bone and deposited on another
BONE REMODELING
181
provides rigidity which gives the body
shape and supports the weight of the muscles and
organs.
SUPPORT
182
the skeletal bones are held together
by ligaments, and tendons attach the muscles to the
bones of the skeleton. The muscular and skeletal
systems work together as the musculoskeletal
system, which enables body movement and
stability.
MOVEMENT
183
The skeleton protects the internal
organs from damage by surrounding them with
bone. Bone is living tissue that is hard and strong,
yet slightly flexible to resist breaking. The strength
of bone comes from its mineral content, which is
primarily calcium and phosphorus
PROTECTION-
184
maintaining normal blood
| pH is very important for maintaining homeostasis.
ACID- BASE BALANCE
185
bone serves as a
reservoir for the electrolyte calcium, which is
important for maintaining homeostasis.
ELECTROLYTE BALANCE
186
red blood cells, white blood
cells, and platelets are produced by stem cells in
the red bone marrow.
BLOOD FORMATION
187
hormones that
| serves as a lock on calcium in the bone
Estrogen and Testosterone
188
is a break in bone. It can result from injury or
trauma, like a fall, or it can result from a disease process that
weakened the bone
fracture
189
does not cause a break in the skin.
Closed Fracture
190
breaks through the skin.
Open Fracture
191
the bone is in 2 or more pieces
Complete Fracture
192
the bone is no longer in proper
| alignment.
Displaced Fracture
193
he bone is in proper
| alignment.
Non-Displaced Fracture
194
there is a crack in the bone.
Hairline Fracture
195
the bone has broken through
| one side but not completely through the other side.
Greenstick Fracture
196
the bone has been dented.
Depressed Fracture
197
the bone is broken
| perpendicular to its length.
Transverse Fracture
198
the break in the bone is at an
| angle.
Oblique Fracture
199
the break in the bone spiral ups in
| the bone.
Spiral Fracture
200
the break occurs at the
| epiphyseal plate in a child.
Epiphyseal Fracture
201
the bone is broken into 3
| or more pieces (commonly referred to as shattered)
Comminuted Fracture
202
may occur in the
| vertebrae, cancellous bone has been compressed.
Compression Fracture
203
sets the edge of the fracture in
proper alignment by manipulating the bone without
surgery.
Closed Reduction
204
sets the bone in proper alignment
| through surgery.
Open Reduction
205
the use of low-dose radiation to measure bone density in the hip and vertebrae
DEXA or dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan
206
the use of electromagnetic radiation that sends photos through the body to create a visual image of dense structures such as bone
x-ray
207
A severe lack of bone density.
“Porous Bones”
208
It affects all bone but is more evident in cancellous
bone. Causes: a diet deficient in calcium and vitamin
D, lack of exercise, and diminished estrogen and
testosterone due to aging
“Porous Bones”
209
a type of osteoporosis that decrease estrogen level leads to
increase bone resorption
Postmenopausal
210
a type of osteoporosis that osteoblasts just gradually lose the ability to
form bones while osteoclasts keep doing their thing
unabated.
Senile
211
Is a bone infection that can reach the bone from the
blood, from surrounding tissues, or from trauma that
exposes the bone to a pathogen (such as a bacterium or
fungus)
Osteomyelitis
212
Are malignant bone tumors that occur in immature bone
at any age. Although they tend to be more common in
people between the ages of 10 and 15. It is usually found
at the end of long bones, often around the knee. It is
usually found at the end of long bones, often around the
knee.
Osteosarcomas
213
Are cancerous tumors that occur in cartilage. Most
chondrosarcomas are primary tumors, which means that they
originate in cartilage, not from a tumor located in another organ or
tissue within the body.
Chondrosarcomas
214
is a form of inflammatory arthritis that develops in some people
who have high levels of uric acid in the blood
The acid can form needle-like crystals in a joint and cause sudden,
severe episodes of pain, tenderness, redness,
warmth and swelling.
Gout
215
an opening or split in the roof of the mouth that
occurs when the tissue doesn't fuse together
during development in the womb.
Cleft Palate
216
```
s an infection of the mastoid process of
the temporal bone in the skull. This
condition is usually caused by an
untreated middle-ear infection that has
spread to the mastoid process.
```
Mastoiditis
217
is inflammation of the bursa.
Bursitis
218
is an inflammation of a joint.
Arthritis
219
is the most common form of arthritis. It usually occurs in
people over the age 40, and 85% of people over
the age of 70 show some signs of this condition.
Osteoarthritis
220
is the creaking sound that may be heard during the
| movement of osteoarthritic joints.
Crepitus
221
is an immune disease that can happen to anyone at any age.
| Children may develop juvenile RA.
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
222
common called brittle bones
Osteogenesis imperfecta
223
a congenital defect in which bones are lack of collagen fibers. With
this defect, the bones are very brittle and can
break easily.
Osteogenesis imperfecta
224
- is a childhood disorder in which an inadequate number of mineral
crystals is deposited in the bone. The bones are
therefore, too soft
Rickets
