Muscular system Flashcards
(193 cards)
1
Q
Responsible for the movement of the human body.
A
Muscle
2
Q
There are about ___ named muscles attached to the
bones of the skeletal system that make up roughly half
of a person’s body weight
A
640
3
Q
It comes from the word “_____” means “muscle” and
“little mouse”
A
musculus
4
Q
Capacity to respond to stimulus.
A
EXCITABILITY
5
Q
Ability to shorten & generate pulling
force.
A
CONTRACTILITY
6
Q
Stretched back to its original length.
A
EXTENSIBILITY
7
Q
Recoil to original resting length after
stretched.
A
ELASTICITY
8
Q
Attached to bones.
• Makes up 40% of body weight.
• Responsible for locomotion, facial expressions, posture,
respiratory movements, other types of body movements.
• Voluntary in action; controlled by somatic motor
neurons.
A
SKELETAL MUSCLES
9
Q
In the walls of hollow organs, blood vessels, eye, glands,
uterus, skin.
• Some functions: propel urine, mix food in digestive tract,
dilating /constricting pupils, regulating blood flow.
• In some locations, auto rhythmic.
• Controlled Involuntarily by endocrine and autonomic
nervous system.
A
SMOOTH MUSCLE
10
Q
Heart: major source of movement of blood, Autorhythmic
• Controlled involuntarily by endocrine and autonomic
nervous system.
A
CARDIAC MUSCLE
11
Q
The type of muscle responsible for moving your arms and
legs is called
A
VOLUNTARY (SKELETAL) MUSCLES
12
Q
Sometimes called striated muscle because of the
striped appearance
A
VOLUNTARY (SKELETAL) MUSCLES
13
Q
Found in and around organs such as the intestines, and
around blood vessels.
A
INVOLUNTARY (SMOOTH) MUSCLES
14
Q
It is essential in maintaining body systems. It helps us move
substances around the body, allowing us to keep cells
supplied with oxygen and nutrients.
A
INVOLUNTARY (SMOOTH) MUSCLES
15
Q
A special type of muscle that forms the walls of the heart
chambers
A
CARDIAC MUSCLES
16
Q
Type of involuntary muscle, as it contracts without
conscious thought or effort.
A
CARDIAC MUSCLES
17
Q
attachment of muscle to the bone or structure
that does not move when the muscle contracts.
A
ORIGIN
18
Q
the attachment of muscle to a bone or
structure does move when the muscle contracts.
A
INSERTION
19
Q
muscle that has its origin and
insertion located in the same body regions.
A
INTRINSIC MUSCLE
20
Q
its origin located in a body region
different from that of its insertion.
A
EXTRINSIC MUSCLE:
21
Q
muscle that has an opposing action.
A
ANTAGONIST
22
Q
muscle that performs the action, helped
by synergists.
A
PRIME MOVER
23
Q
muscles that have the same action.
A
SYNERGISTS
24
Q
stabilize origin.
A
FIXATORS
25
When the muscle shortens or lengthens while the tension on
| the muscle remains constant.
ISOTONIC CONTRACTION
26
muscle shortening.
Concentric
27
muscle lengthening
Eccentric
28
When the muscle does not shorten during contraction while
| tension is increasing.
ISOMETRIC CONTRACTION
29
Bends a part of the body anteriorly, such
| as flexing the elbow.
Flexion
30
Bends a part of a body posteriorly, such
| as straightening the elbow
Extension
31
Movement of a part of the body away
| from the midline
Abduction
32
Movement of a part of the body toward
| the midline.
Adduction
33
Movement that brings part of the body
| forward
Protraction
34
Movement that brings part of the body
| backward.
Retraction
35
Movement of the jaw laterally to the
| either side.
Lateral
| excursion
36
Movement of at the jaw back to the
| midline
Medial
| Excursion
37
Position of standing on the heels with
| the toes pointing up off the floor.
Dorsiflexion
38
Position on standing on tiptoes with the
| heels off the floor
Plantar
| Flexion
39
The soles of the feet are together facing
| each other
Inversion
40
The soles of the feet point away from
| each other.
Eversion
41
the act of spinning on an axis.
Rotation
42
Conical movement of a body part, such
as a ball and socket joint or the eye;
making circles in the body
Circumduction
43
Rotation that turns the palms up
Supination
44
Rotation that turns the palm down
Pronation
45
The act of bringing the thumb to the
| palm
Opposition
46
Taking the thumb away from the palm
Reposition
47
Closing the jaw or raising the shoulder
Elevation
48
Opening the jaw or lowering the
| shoulder.
Depression
49
connective tissue that surrounds the
| muscle fiber.
ENDOMYSIUM
50
connective tissue that surrounds the
| fascicle
PERIMYSIUM
51
a connective tissue that surrounds the
| entire muscle.
EPIMYSIUM
52
is a tough, fibrous tissue that does not allow for
| expansion.
FASCIA
53
cell membrane of muscle
SARCOLEMMA
54
endoplasmic reticulum of
| muscle. Stores calcium ions.
SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM
55
Tough, fibrous tissue that does not allow for expansion.
It surrounds muscles of an area, forming muscle
compartments and it separates muscle from the
hypodermis
FASCIA
56
Because
the fascia does not stretch enough to accommodate the
swelling, pressure builds within the compartment. The
increase pressure hampers blood flow and muscle
activity. This is called
compartment syndrome.
57
The cell membrane is called
sarcolemma.
58
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum of the cell is called
sarcoplasmic reticulum.
59
are composed of acseries of repeated
| functional called sacromeres running end to end.
Myofibrils
60
form the ends of a sacromere, which is
| composed of thick and thin filaments (myofilaments)
Z lines
61
Stimulation form the nerve moves
quickly along the length of the muscle
cells.
Conductivity
62
Ability of a muscle to shorten with
| force, can only pull (cannot push).
Contractility
63
Capacity of muscle to respond to a
| stimulus
Excitability
64
Stretched to its normal resting length
| and beyond to a limited degree
Extensibility
65
Ability of muscle to recoil to original
| resting length after stretched.
Elasticity
66
Is chemical synapse formed by the contact between a motor
| neon and a muscle fiber. It is the site of signal exchange
NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION
67
Junction between the axonal end of one
neuron and the dendrite of another neuron or
membrane of another cell type
SYNAPSE
68
Separation that exists between the
axonal ending of the motor nerve and the sarcolemma
of the muscle cell fiber; The axon ending contains
vesicles of neurotransmitter
SYNAPTIC CLEFT
69
Designed to fit into the receptors
on the muscle cell on the basis of its unique shape, like
a key fitting into a lock.
NEUROTRANSMITTER
70
the neurotransmitter released
| by motor neurons.
ACETYLCHOLINE (ACH)
71
minimum amount of Acetylcholine that is
| necessary for the muscle to react.
THRESHOLD
72
lean muscle mass decreases with age, fat is
deposited in muscles, the muscle fibers shrink, muscle
tissue is replaced by fibrous tissue.
ATROPHY
73
20’s for men and 40’s for women.
MUSCLE CHANGES
74
more affected than slow-twitch
| fibers, don’t use oxygen to make energy (lighter color)
FAST-TWITCH FIBERS
75
rich supply of oxygenated blood
| to produce energy (red).
SLOW TWITCH FIBERS:
76
To limit the effects of aging on the muscular
system; increase cardiovascular function (brisk walking,
or jogging); increases the supply of oxygen and other
nutrients to the muscle tissue.
EXERCISE
77
Form of exercise that improves
| muscular strength and endurance.
RESISTANCE TRAINING
78
a procedure that assesses the
health of the muscle by testing how a muscle respond to
electric stimuli; increase strength by increasing muscle
mass through hypertrophy.
RESISTANCE EXERCISE
79
Common diagnostic test used for muscular system
| disorders.
ELECTROMYOGRAPHY (EMG)
80
Aprocedure that assesses the health of the muscle by
testing how a muscle respond to electric stimuli;
diagnostic procedure that evaluates the health condition
of muscles and the nerve cells that control them
ELECTROMYOGRAPHY (EMG)
81
Muscle disorders
MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY
82
Affects the ability of the motor
| neuron to send electrical signals to the muscle
MYASTHENIA GRAVIS
83
Peripheral nerve disorders
| that affect the nerves outside the spinal cord.
CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME
84
Nerve
| disorders.
AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS (ALS)
85
the nerve impulse comes down the neuron;
acetylcholine is released and fits into the receptors on the
muscle cell; the sarcoplasmic reticulum releases calcium the
calcium; the calcium binds to troponin; tropomyosin shifts
position to expose the active sites; the myosin grabs hold of
actin. the muscle cell has not shortened during this phase. •
LATENT PHASE
86
```
Myosin pulls (power stroke). The
muscle cell shortens period
```
CONTRACTION PHASE:
87
Miocene let’s go period the muscle
| goes back to shape because it is elastic.
RELAXATION PHASE
88
the calcium is actively transported
back to the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the muscle produces
acetylcholinesterase to remove the acetylcholine from
receptors period the muscle is still appears to be relaxed.
REFRACTORY PHASE
89
Consider again the boxer’s punch, which involves
getting more and more motor units involved during the
punch. This is called
RECRUITMENT.
90
Defined as the chemical reactions a muscle cell uses process
energy.
MUSCLE METABOLISM
91
allows a given effort to move a heavier load; lever
| bone is a rigid bar that moves on a fixed point.
LEVER
92
A fixed point; joint.
FULCRUM
93
Muscle contraction; the applied force.
EFFORT
94
Load/weight, what is being moved.
RESISTANCE
95
Fulcrum lies between P (effort
| or pull) and L (load).
FIRST CLASS LEVER
96
Load lies between fulcrum and
| the pull or effort.
SECOND CLASS LEVER
97
Pull/ effort is situated between
| fulcrum and load.
THIRD CLASS LEVER
98
State of exhaustion, inability to respond to nerve stimuli.
FATIGUE
99
abnormal state of prolonged contraction.
CONTRACTURE
100
complete fatigue,
muscle is stuck, no longer contract or relax; lack of ATP;
Less ATP: depletion of oxygen and glucose; More Lactic
Acid: psychological fatigue (cannot contract muscle)
PSYCHOLOGICAL CONTRACTURE
101
waste
LACTIC ACID
102
amount of oxygen needed to remove the
| lactic acid
OXYGEN DEBT
103
Specialized for anaerobic
| respiration and therefore fatigue quickly.
FAST TWITCH FIBERS
104
Specialized for aerobic
| respiration, so they do not fatigue quickly
SLOW TWITCH FIBERS
105
Kind of contraction exhibited by normal skeletal muscle
| most of the time.
TETANUS
106
TETANUS also called
TETANIC
107
Muscle does not shorten; SR releases
| Calcium, Acetylcholine is release also
LATENT
108
Myosin pulls, muscle shorten
CONTRACTION
109
Elasticity (muscle go back to its original
| shape)
RELAXATION
110
Calcium is back to SR and muscle
| produce acetylcholinesterase
REFRACTORY
111
building blocks of protein
20 amino acids
112
must be present in protein
| synthesis
COMPLETE PROTEINS
113
missing amino acid non-functional protein.
INCOMPLETE PROTEINS
114
nonessential amino acid
11 amino acids
115
essential amino acid
9 amino acids
116
essential homeostasis, muscle
| development.
Good Nutrition
117
Your skeletal muscles are responsible for the movements
you make. Skeletal muscles are attached to your bones and
partly controlled by the central nervous system (CNS)
MOBILITY
118
The involuntary cardiac and smooth muscles help your
heart beat and blood flow through your body by producing
electrical impulses. The cardiac muscle (myocardium) is
found in the walls of the heart. It’s controlled by the
autonomic nervous system responsible for most bodily
functions
CIRCULATION
119
Your diaphragm is the main muscle at work during quiet
breathing. Heavier breathing, like what you experience
during exercise, may require accessory muscles to help the
diaphragm. These can include the abdominal, neck, and back
muscles.
RESPIRATION
120
Digestion is controlled by smooth muscles found in your
gastrointestinal tract. This comprises the: mouth, esophagus,
stomach, small and large intestines, rectum, anus.
DIGESTION
121
Smooth and skeletal muscles make up the urinary system.
The urinary system includes the: kidneys, bladder, ureters,
urethra, penis or vagina, prostate.
URINATION
122
Smooth muscles are found in the uterus. During pregnancy,
these muscles grow and stretch as the baby grows. When a
woman goes into labor, the smooth muscles of the uterus
contract and relax to help push the baby through the vagina.
CHILDBIRTH
123
Your eye sockets are made up of six skeletal muscles that
help you move your eye sand the internal muscles of your
eyes are made up of smooth muscles. If you damage these
muscles, you may impair your vision.
VISION
124
The skeletal muscles in your core help protect your spine
and help with stability. Your core muscle group includes the
abdominal, back, and pelvic muscles. This group is also
known as the trunk. The stronger your core, the better you
can stabilize your body. The muscles in your legs also help
steady you.
STABILITY
125
Your skeletal muscles also control posture. Flexibility and
| strength are keys to maintaining proper posture.
POSTURE
126
The muscle cells are performing cellular respiration to
supply the energy for the muscular system, but not all of the
energy is used efficiently. Some energy is lost as a heat in
the process.
HEAT PRODUCTION
127
As skeletal muscle’s urinary and anal sphincters are under
our voluntary control. We can decide when we want them to
relax so that we can pass urine and defecate.
CONTROL OF BODY OPENINGS AND PASSAGES
128
The use of facial muscles in the throat jaw, tongue and
| diaphragm to communicate through speech.
COMMUNICATION
129
A tear in the muscle resulting from
| usually excessive use.
STRAIN
130
Sustained contraction of the muscle.
| May occur from overuse of the muscle
MUSCLE SPASM
131
```
Painful muscle spasm. Heavy exercise,
dehydration, electrolyte imbalance,
extreme cold, low blood glucose
levels, or lack of blood flow can cause
muscle spasm
```
CRAMPS
132
Term for Muscle pain; Causes: Overuse
of muscles, injury, tension or exercise.
Medications: Physical Therapy
MYALGIA
133
Tendon characterized by inflammation.
Result from injury, overuse or aging.
Common occurrence in athletes
TENDINITIS
134
```
Increase in muscle size due to the
decrease in muscle tissue.
Cause: loss of nerve simulation to the
leg muscles of a man with neural disease; Occur from decreased muscle
use or loss in the muscle’s nerve
stimulation.
```
ATROPHY
135
Are injuries that affect muscles or
| tendons
STRAINS
136
Are injuries that affect ligaments
SPRAINS
137
Chronic widespread muscle pain to
specific muscle sites; lasting 3 or more
months;
FIBROMYALGIA
138
Occurs when organ protrudes through
| a weak muscle
HERNIA
139
Caused by connective tissue
degeneration of the abdominal
muscles, which causes weakening of
the muscles during the adult years.
INGUINAL
| HERNIA
140
```
Many hernias are discovered during
routine physical exams. If you're a guy,
you may have had a physical exam
where your doctor gave you a
testicular exam and checked your
testicles for a hernia. By placing a
finger at the top of your scrotum and
asking you to cough, the doctor can
feel if you have a hernia.
```
DIAGNOSING
INGUINAL
HERNIA
141
Abdominal surgery causes a flaw in
the abdominal wall. This flaw can
create an area of weakness in which a
hernia may develop.
INCISIONAL
| HERNIA
142
Condition in which the stomach pushes
| through the diaphragm.
HIATAL HERNIA
143
```
Group of inherited diseases or genetic
disorder; Leads to chronic progressive
muscle atrophy; Usually appears in
early childhood; Most types result in
total disability and early death.
```
MUSCULAR
| DYSTROPHY
144
Occurs when there is injury to the
muscle tendon in the front of the lower
leg; Occurs when jogging; Slow to heal.
SHIN SPLINTS
145
Closes and protrudes lips, as
| in kissing
Orbicularis oris
146
Closes eye
Orbicularis oculi
147
Raises eyebrows and
wrinkles the skin of the
forehead
Frontalis
148
Fixes epicranial aponeurosis
as an origin for the frontalis
muscle
Occipitalis
149
Elevates, retracts, and causes
medial and lateral excursion
of the mandible
Temporalis
150
Compresses cheeks
Buccinator
151
Elevates mandible
Masseter
152
Depresses mandible and
draws the corner of the
mouth and lower lip
downward
Platysma
153
Individually, each muscle
rotates the head. Together,
the muscles bring the head
forward and down
Sternocleidomastoid
154
Draws the mouth’s angle
| upward and outward
Zygomaticus major
155
Flexes and adducts humerus
Pectoralis major
156
Depresses and protracts
| shoulder
Pectoralis minor
157
Protracts shoulder
Serratus anterior
158
Prime mover for breathing
Diaphragm
159
Expand the thoracic cavity
| during inspiration
External intercostals
160
Compress the thoracic cavity
| during forced expiration
Internal intercostals
161
Compresses abdomen, flexes
spine, and allows rotation at
the waist
External abdominal
| oblique
162
Compresses abdomen, flexes
spine, and allows rotation at
the waist
Internal abdominal
| oblique
163
Flexes spine
Rectus abdominis
164
Compresses abdomen
Transverse abdominal
165
Extends head
Trapezius
166
Extends, adducts, and
| medially rotates the humerus
Latissimus dorsi
167
Holds spine erect for posture
| and extends spine
Erector spinae
168
Extends and laterally rotates
| hip
Gluteus maximus
169
Abducts and medially rotates
| hip
Gluteus medius
170
Abducts humerus
Deltoid
171
Flexes elbow (Scapula)
Biceps brachii
172
Extends elbow (Humerus and scapula)
Triceps brachii
173
Flexes elbow (Ulna)
Brachialis
174
Flexes elbow (Radius)
Brachioradialis
175
Extends and abducts wrist (Metacarpals)
Extensor carpi radialis
176
Extends and adducts wrist (Carpals and metacarpals)
Extensor carpi ulnaris
177
Flexes wrist (Palmar aponeurosis)
Palmaris longus
178
Flexes and abducts wrist (Medial epicondyle of humerus)
Flexor carpi radialis
179
Number of ATPs produced per glucose
| molecule (AEROBIC RESPIRATION)
36
180
Number of ATPs produced per glucose
| molecule (ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION)
2
181
Long, striated cells with many
nuclei per cell pushed off to
the side
SKELETAL MUSCLE
182
```
Branched, striated cells with
a single nucleus and junctions
between cells called
intercalated disks (covered in
the cardiovascular system
chapter on heart and vessels
```
CARDIAC MUSCLE
183
Spindle-shaped cells with no
striations and a single
nucleus
SMOOTH MUSCLE
184
Associated with the bones
and skin and with circular
muscles called sphincters
that control body openings
SKELETAL MUSCLE
185
Heart
CARDIAC MUSCLE
186
Hollow organs and blood
| vessel walls
SMOOTH MUSCLE
187
attach to 2 or more bones.
Tendons
188
made up of cell called fibers
Muscle Tissue
189
distinct from other fiber, a threadlike
| structure that form a skeletal muscle.
Muscle Fiber
190
is the functional unit of skeletal muscle.
sarcomere
191
Thin filaments move towards the center of the
| sarcomere from both ends
SLIDING FILAMENT THEORY
192
is the inability of a muscle to fully respond to a nerve stimulus.
Fatigue
193
are the motions produced by muscles.
Muscle actions
