Lifespan Development Flashcards

Question

Piaget’s Stages

Answer 1

Sensorimotor 0-24 months (Infancy) Pre-operational 2-7 years (early childhood) Concrete Operational 7-11 years (late childhood) Formal Operational 11 years plus

Answer 2

0-1 months Exercise of innate reflexes 2-3 months Development of schemas, Perception begins, beginning of co-ordination of schemas 4-8 months Outward directed activity, reinforced behaviour 8-12 months Intentional means-end behaviour 12-18 months Trial and error learning 18 months + Symbolic thought

Answer 3

Initially Objects are not independent of infant. 0-8 months Objects out of sight, out of mind. No search for covered objects. 9-17 months Begin to understand object permanence

Answer 4

Object is placed under cover in front of infant. Child removes cover to find object. The object is placed under a second cloth. The child searches for object under original cloth. The child has not grasped that the object is independent of their actions.

Answer 5

Development of symbolic function. Beginning to represent actions mentally. Egocentric Think intuitively rather than logically.

Answer 6

Children under 7 years fail to conserve number equality. Lack understanding of basic logical principles - reversibility and compensation.

Answer 7

Success on these tasks = evidence that thinking is “Operational”. Child can reason logically about changes and can coordinate different perspectives only with respect to concrete (real/observable) objects.

Answer 8

Logical thinking about abstract concepts and possibilities. Systematic testing of hypotheses. Ability to reason in purely symbolic terms.

Answer 9

One to One Correspondence One thing, on count Stable Order 123 not 321 Cardinality Final number stated is the count Order Irrelevance Objects can be counted in any order Abstraction Anything can be counted

Answer 10

0-6 Weeks Preattachment Infant produces innate signals to gain comfort. 6 weeks to 7 months Attachment in the Making Preference for familiar people Development of the attachment bond ``` 7-18 months Clear cut attachment Seek out regular care givers Separation protest, wariness of strangers Secure base is formed ``` 2 years onward Reciprocal relationship Child has increased understanding of relationship

Answer 11

The noble savage was an idealised concept of uncivilised humans as innately good until exposed to corrupting influences of civilisation. Belief in original sin which considers all humans morally inadequate.

Answer 12

``` Permissive low on control high on warmth impulsive and immature children more dependent on adults ``` ``` Authoritarian high on control low on warmth children lack confidence show aggression when frustrated ``` ``` Authoritative-Reciprocal high on control high on warmth well behaved children self confident and curious ```

Answer 13

Neurogenesis formation of new neutrons Neuronal Pruning culling of neurons Synaptogenesis forming new connections Synaptic Pruning culling of connections

Answer 14

Grey Matter cell bosies if soma and unmyelinated axons. White Matter myelinated axons. Adolescents have a higher volume of white matter and a lower form of grey matter compared to children.

Answer 15

Hessler and Katz (2010) Adolescents with poor understanding and regulation of emotions took more risks. Romer et al. (2011) Adolescents with poorer executive functioning took more risks. Poor self regulation aged 9-10 predicted risk taking aged 14-16.

Answer 16

Authoritative parent style liked to low risk taking. Piko and Balazs (2012) increased likelihood to smoking and drinking 12-22 year olds when: Low emotional responsiveness of parents Lack of identification with parents Negative family interactions.

Answer 17

Key Symptoms irritability, withdrawal, loss of pleasure, guilt. Linked to: lack of attachment parental depression later depression

Answer 18

Defined as: low mood and loss of interest in life. ``` Diagnosis: depressed mood and irritability weight and sleep changes guilt lack of concentration morbid thoughts social isolation ``` 5/6 year olds with depression more likely to be depressed in later life and struggle at school. Psychotherapy helpful, antidepressants not.

Answer 19

Genetic and Biological Influences imbalances of serotonin and cortisol. Environmental and Family Influences losses or stressful events abuse or neglect Often family history of mental health issues. Sex Differences girls>boys from age 12 onwards girls use ruminative coping more Antidepressants improve severe symptoms but may have side effects. Cognitive Behavioural Therapy effective in mild to moderate depression.

Answer 20

Unusual Patterns of Social Behaviour little interest in people fail to understand theory of mind lack of emotional skills Language Difficulties Routine Behaviours relative movement patterns cannot cope if routine interrupted

Answer 21

Genetic component seems certain though no specific genes linked. Brain Abnormalities Benaron (2009) proliferation of neurons in frontal lobes in infancy in autism. Perinatal injury or infection.

Answer 22

Definition difficulty concentrating, impulsivity. Diagnosis usually early primary school more common in boys

Answer 23

Inattentive distractible, failures of cognitive inhibition. Hyperactive impulsive, loud, failures of behavioural inhibition. ``` Diagnostic Criteria symptoms listed above begin before age 7 present for at least 6 months impairments in multiple settings ```

Answer 24

``` Cigarette Exposure Alcohol Exposure Low Birth Weight Psychosocial Adversity Parental ADHD ```

Answer 25

Barkley (2006) cognitive defects - behavioural disinhibition abnormalities of structure and function of frontal lobes Possible Causes: abnormal brain function genetic factors pregnancy complications

Answer 26

Pharmacological (Ritalin etc) used since 1937 safe and effective adverse effects Psychosocial (parent and child behaviour training) complex to develop and deliver fierce controversy about efficacy Dietary (elimination of food colourings) controversy about efficacy

Answer 27

Fewer Neurons in older adult brains 5-10% loss in 65 compared to 20 year old Neurogenesis can still occur. Increase with age in: Neurofibrillary tangles Amyloid plaques: lumps of dying neurons.

Answer 28

Brain size decreases 10-15% in old age. Frontal Lobe Structure: volume at 70% = 17% less than at 20 Frontal Lobe blood flow: At rest: older adults less frontal activation than young. During memory/executive functioning: older adults more frontal activation than young.

Answer 29

Evidence of neuronal loss and structural shrinkage. Lye at al. (2004) Hippocampal size related to memory impairment in 102 participants ages 81-94.

Answer 30

Short Term Memory retain 1-9 items for up to a minute little age effect on digit span. Working Memory store and transform information involved in reading, mental arithmetic etc older adults have impaired working memory. Long Term Memory remember information for >10 minutes older adults recall fewer word, make more errors and less likely to use efficient strategies.

Answer 31

Procedural Memory acquired skills regained in memory e.g. driving a car. Semantic Memory internal encyclopaedia e.g. vocabulary. Not generally affected by age.

Answer 32

Fluid Intelligence novel problem solving Crystallised Intelligence knowledge Older adults have poorer fluid intelligence and improved crystallised intelligence.

Answer 33

``` Above average education, complex job. Flexible personality. Engagement in social-cognitive activities. Good speed and attention. Good health and fitness. ```

Answer 34

Older adults rate themselves as good at: control of emotions such as anger. using effective strategies to manage emotions. Older adults show deactivation of the amygdala while viewing negative pictures.

Answer 35

Physical illness Caregiver responsibilities Reduction in social contact Frontal Lobe atrophy

Answer 36

Most of those aged 65+ have grandchildren. Most grandparents have fairly regular contact. Grandparents providing childcare had better executive function than those who did not.

Answer 37

For those aged 65+, 15% of men age widowers and >50% of women are widowers. ``` Factors that make coping more difficult: very traditional marriage sudden death social isolation income loss ```

Answer 38

Positive Aspects: increased leisure resumption of education away from workplace stress. Negative Aspects: decreased income loss of status/identity change relationship with spouse. Wellbeing higher if CHOOSE to retire.

Answer 39

Total social network smaller in those 70+ - older, fewer friendships - number of close attachments stable - size of family networks stable across lifespan Friendships: - quality and quantity of friendships strongly linked to wellbeing. - life satisfaction more friendly related to contact with friends than relatives.

Answer 40

Social isolation in Old Age predicts: - risky health behaviours and poor nutrition. - cognitive decline and dementia - risk of stroke and heart attack.

Lifespan Development Flashcards

(64 cards)