Lipids

Question 1

What is the main purpose of lipids? (mainly triglycerides)

Answer 1

To serve as a reserve supply of energy during periods of low food consumption.

Question 2

Pre-cursors to triglycerides. A source of energy

Answer 2

Fatty acids

Question 3

Triglycerides role

Answer 3

Energy storage, thermal insulation, filling space, binding organs together and cushioning them

Question 4

Role of phospholipids

Answer 4

Structural component of cell and organelle membranes. Aids in fat digestion.

Question 5

Role of sphingolipids

Answer 5

Structural component of cell membranes (especially in nerve cells) chemical messengers

Question 6

Cholesterol role

Answer 6

Component of cell membranes. Precursor of other steroids such as hormones and bile salts.

Question 7

Role of bile fats

Answer 7

Aid in digestion and nutrient absorption. A form of steroid.

Question 8

Fat soluble vitamins

Answer 8

ADEK.

Involved in a variety of functions including blood clotting, wound healing, vision, calcium absorption.

Question 9

The 4 fat soluble vitamins

Answer 9

ADEK

Question 10

Eicosanoids role

Answer 10

Chemical messengers

Question 11

What do lipids mainly consist of?

Answer 11

Carbon, hydrogen and some oxygen.

Question 12

Lipids are classified based on what

Answer 12

Their structure.

1. Simple lipids (esters of fatty acids)
2. Complex lipids (Esters of fatty acids + additional groups)
3. Derived lipids (derived from hydrolysis of simple/complex lipids)

Question 13

What is a fatty acid?

Answer 13

A hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group at one end (COOH). Typically has an even number of carbons (10-30)

Question 14

Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids

Answer 14

Saturated fatty acids have all single bonds and are completely saturated with hydrogen.

Unsaturated fatty acids have at least 1 double bond (can be either trans or cis) and therefore, cannot be completely saturated.

Question 15

What is the most naturally occurring unsaturated fatty acid

Answer 15

The Cis unsaturated fatty acid. This type of fat is bent, and therefore not tightly packed. This results in it being a liquid at room temperature such as vegetable oil.

Question 16

Trans unsaturated fat

Answer 16

2 hydrogens attached to the double bond on opposite sides. Most are created in an industrial process that was recently banned by the FDA. Hydrocarbon chain is straight/linear and is therefore able to pack together closely to make a solid at room temperature

Question 17

Saturated fatty acid qualities

Answer 17

Linear molecule that is solid at room temperature.

Question 18

What is an ester of a fatty acid?

Answer 18

Alcohol + fatty acid.
An alcohol compound contains a hydroxyl group (OH) attached to carbon.

Examples of alcohol include Glycerol and sphingosine.

Question 19

2 types of alcohol

Answer 19

Glycerol and sphingosine

Question 20

Triglycerides are which type of lipids?

Answer 20

Simple. They have 3 fatty acid chains (carboxylic acid and hydrocarbon chain) + glycerol (alcohol). This is the storage form of fatty acids.

Question 21

What is the most common saturated fat in plants and animals?

Answer 21

Palmitic acid. This acid may compromise over half of the total saturated fat intake in the united states. Makes up approx a quarter of the fat in red meat and dairy.

Question 22

What are complex lipids and give 2 examples

Answer 22

Esters of fatty acids + additional groups.

Phospholipids and sphingolipids

Question 23

What is an ester

Answer 23

An chemical compound derived from alcohol

Question 24

What are phospholipids composed of?

Answer 24

Phospholipids are a form of complex lipids. Contains 2 fatty acids + glycerol (ester of fatty acid) + phosphate + 1 polar group.

Polar groups include- 
Ethanolamine
Choline
Serine
Inositol

Question 25

4 polar groups possible to create a phospholipid

Answer 25

Ethanolamine, choline, serine, and inositol

Eyes cause some issues

Question 26

What are sphingolipids composed of

Answer 26

Fatty acid + sphingosine + head group

Possible head groups:
Hydrogen (Ceramide)
Phosphocholine (sphingomyelin)
Sugar (glycolipid, 1 sugar= cerebroside. more than 1 sugar = ganglioside)

Question 27

3 groups of derived lipids

Answer 27

1. Steroids
2. Isoprenoids
3. Eicosanoids

Question 28

Examples of steroids

Answer 28

Sterols, steroid hormones and bile salts

Question 29

Types of steroid hormones

Answer 29

mineralocorticoids (corticosterone, aldosterone) glucocorticoids (cortisol) Progesterone, testosterone, estrogen, vita D

Question 30

Isoprene subunits

Answer 30

Unsaturated pentahydrocarbon

Question 31

Examples of isoprenoids

Answer 31

Fat soluble A E K

Question 32

Eicosanoids

Answer 32

Derived from arachidonic acid.

Examples- Prostoglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes

Question 33

How do steroids bind to receptors

Answer 33

They bind to receptors inside of cells