liver by hadi

Question 1

Diffuse, foamy, swollen appearance to the hepatocyte caused by retained biliary material

Answer 1

Feathery degeneration

Question 2

These appear in cirrhotic livers, are larger than surrounding cirrhotic nodules but do not display atypical features. Contains more than one portal tract, have an intact reticulin framework, and do not seem to be precursors of malignant lesions

Answer 2

Macroregenerative nodules

Question 3

Poorly stained mummified hepatocytes

Answer 3

Coagulative necrosis

Question 4

Isolated hepatocytes become shrunken, pyknotic, and intensely eosinophilic

Answer 4

Apoptosis

Question 5

Presence of “ground-glass” hepatocytes, a finely granular, eosinophilic cytoplasm and “sanded” nuclei, shown by electron microscopy

Answer 5

hep B

Question 6

Necrotic cells appear to have “dropped out,” with collapse of the sinusoidal collagen reticulin framework where the cells have disappeared; scavenger macrophage aggregates mark sites of dropout

Answer 6

Hepatocyte cytolysis in viral

Question 7

The hallmark of serious liver damage

Answer 7

Fibrosis

Question 8

Almost always accompanied by a brisk sinusoidal and perivenular fibrosis; occasionally periportal fibrosis may predominate

Answer 8

Alcoholic hepatiti

Question 9

Pattern of cirrhosis in viral hepatitis

Answer 9

Macronodular

Question 10

Pattern of cirrhosis in alcoholic hepatitis

Answer 10

Micronodular

Question 11

Golden-yellow granules in the cytoplasm of periportal hepatocytes, which stain blue with the Prussian blue stain:

Answer 11

Hemosiderin

Question 12

Green to brown deposits of copper in Descemet membrane in the limbus of the cornea

Answer 12

Kayser-Fleischer rings

Question 13

Excessive copper deposition in the liver causing hepatic changes ranging from mild fatty change to massive liver necrosis. In the brain, injury affects the basal ganglia, demonstrating atrophy and cavitation. Kayser-Fleischer rings are characteristic

Answer 13

wilson

Question 14

Hepatocytes with round to oval cytoplasmic globular inclusions which are strongly positive in a periodic acid-Schiff stain. By electron microscopy they lie within smooth, and sometimes rough, endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 14

Alpha-1 antitrypsin Deficiency

Question 15

A rare disease characterized by microvesicular fatty change in the liver and encephalopathy. Microscopy of hepatocellular mitochondria reveals pleomorphic enlargement and electron lucency of the matrices, with disruption of cristae and loss of dense bodies

Answer 15

reye syndrome

Question 16

A chronic, progressive, and often fatal cholestatic liver disease, characterized by a nonsuppurative destruction of small and medium-sized intrahepatic bile ducts (“florid duct lesion”). On cut surface, the liver is hard, with a finely granular appearance, with extraordinary yellow-green pigmentation

Answer 16

Primary biliary cirrhosis

Question 17

A chronic cholestatic disorder, characterized by progressive fibrosis and destruction of extrahepatic and large intrahepatic bile ducts. Affected portal tracts show concentric periductal “onion-skin” fibrosis and a modest lymphocytic infiltrate. Progressive atrophy of the bile duct epithelium leads to obliteration of the lumen, leaving behind a solid, cordlike fibrous scar

Answer 17

Primary sclerosing cholangitis

Question 18

Liver is slightly enlarged, tense, and cyanotic, with rounded edges. Microscopically, there is congestion of centrilobular sinusoids. With time, centrilobular hepatocytes become atrophic, resulting in markedly attenuated liver cell cords. Liver fibrosis mostly “centrilobular”

Answer 18

assive congestion of the liver secondary to right-sided heart failure

Question 19

Characterized by deposition of hemosiderin in the following organs: liver, pancreas, myocardium, pituitary, adrenal, thyroid and parathyroid glands, joints, and skin; cirrhosis; and pancreatic fibrosis:

Answer 19

Hereditary hemochromatosis

Question 20

Results from the thrombosis of two or more major hepatic veins and is characterized by hepatomegaly, weight gain, ascites, and abdominal pain. The liver is swollen, is red-purple, and has a tense capsule. The affected hepatic parenchyma reveals severe centrilobular congestion and necrosis:

Answer 20

budd chiari

Question 21

Caused by toxic injury to sinusoidal endothelium. Damaged endothelial cells slough off and create emboli that block blood flow. Accompanied by passage of red blood cell into the space of Disse, proliferation of stellate cells, and fibrosis of terminal branches of the hepatic vein

Answer 21

Sinusoidal Obstruction Syndrome

Question 22

These are lesions larger than 1 mm in diameter that appear in cirrhotic livers. Considered to be precursors of hepatocelluar cancers, are often monoclonal, and may contain chromosome aberrations similar to those present in liver cancers

Answer 22

Dysplastic nodules

Question 23

A distinctive variant of HCC, which occurs in young male and female adults (20-40 years of age) of equal incidence, no association with cirrhosis or other risk factors. usually consists of a single large, hard “scirrhous” tumor with fibrous bands coursing through it. Composed of well-differentiated polygonal cells growing in nests or cords and separated by parallel lamellae of dense collagen
bundles.

Answer 23

Fibrolamellar carcinoma(A distinctive variant of hepatocellular carcinoma that occurs in young adults and has no association with HBV or cirrhosis risk factors.)

Question 24

Condition wherein the exudate contained in the gallbladder is composed virtually of pure pus.

Answer 24

Empyema of the gallbladder

Question 25

Steril stones black and brown are

Answer 25

infected w bacteria

Question 26

This pattern of GB carcinoma grows into the lumen as an irregular, cauliflower mass, but at the same time it invades the underlying wall

Answer 26

Exophytic pattern of gallbladder carcinoma

Question 27

Characterized by fibrosing cholangitis of bile ducts

Answer 27

lymphocytic infiltrate, and progressive atrophy of the bile duct epithelium, and obliteration of the lumen

Question 28

Concentric periductal fibrosis or Onion-Skin fibrosis with solid, cordlike fibrous scar. "Beading" of barium column in radiographs of the intrahepatic and extrahepatic biliary tree

Answer 28

Primary sclerotic cholangitis

Question 29

tumors arising from the part of the common bile duct between the cystic duct junction and the confluence of the right and left hepatic ducts at the liver hilus

Answer 29

Klatskin tumors

Question 30

macrovesicular steatosis, involving most regions of the hepatic lobule. The intracytoplasmic fat is seen as clear vacuoles.

Answer 30

Alcoholic liver

Question 31

Morphology: liver biopsy shows steatosis, multifocal parenchymal inflammation, Mallory hyaline, hepatocyte death, and sinusoidal

Answer 31

fibrosisSteatohepatitis or Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis

Question 32

portal tract expansion with inflammatory cells and fibrous tissue and interface hepatitis with spillover of inflammation into the adjacent parenchyma Lymphoid aggregates can also be seen

Answer 32

Chronic hepatiis c

Question 33

Marked cell enlargement with irregularly clumped cytoplasm showing large, clear spaces.

Answer 33

Ballooning degeneratio

Question 34

Multiple tiny fat droplets that do not displace the nucleus which appear in such conditions as alcoholic liver disease, Reye syndrome, and acute fatty liver of pregnancy.

Answer 34

Microvesicular steatosis

Question 35

a single large fat droplet that displaces the nucleus seen in alcoholic liver disease or in the livers of obese or diabetic individuals

Answer 35

Macrovesicular steatosis

Question 36

Poorly stained mummified hepatocytes

Answer 36

coagulative necrosis

Question 37

Hepatocyte necrosis is distributed immediately around the central vein, extending into the midzonal area in the setting of ischemia and several drug and toxic reactions

Answer 37

Centrilobular necrosis

Question 38

a diffuse process characterized by bridging fibrous septa, in the form of delicate bands or broad scars around multiple adjacent lobes, and the conversion of normal liver architecture into structurally abnormal nodules, encircled by fibrotic bands Liver architecture is disrupted

Answer 38

Cirrhosis

Question 39

The hallmark of serious liver damage.

Answer 39

Fibrosis

Question 40

Mallory in alcholic

Answer 40

(not only)

Question 41

Well-demarcated but poorly encapsulated lesion, consisting of hyperplastic hepatocyte nodules with a central fibrous scar. Appears in noncirrhotic livers and may reach up to many centimeters in diameter. It occurs in response to local vascular injury

Answer 41

Focal nodular hyperplasia

Question 42

Gallbladder is usually enlarged (twofold to threefold) and tense, and it assumes a bright red or blotchy, violaceous to green-black discoloration, imparted by subserosal hemorrhages. The gallbladder lumen is filled with a cloudy or turbid bile that may contain fibrin, blood, and frank pus

Answer 42

Acute cholecystitis

Question 43

The gallbladder may be contracted, of normal size, or enlarged. Presence of stones in the absence of inflammation is diagnostic.

Answer 43

Chronic cholecystitis

Question 44

Appears as a poorly defined area of diffuse thickening and induration of the gallbladder wall that may cover several square centimeters or involve the entire gallbladder, scirrhous and very firm in consistency

Answer 44

Infiltrating pattern of gallbladder carcinoma

Question 45

Appear typically with an abundant fibrous stroma (desmoplasia) explaining their firm, gritty consistency Most exhibit clearly defined glandular and tubular structures lined by somewhat anaplastic cuboidal to low columnar epithelial cells. Bile pigment and hyaline inclusions are not found within the cells

Answer 45

Cholangiocarcinomas

Question 46

"Beading" of barium column in radiographs of the intrahepatic and extrahepatic biliary tree Concentric periductal fibrosis or Onion-Skin fibrosis with solid, cordlike fibrous scar

Answer 46

Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis

Question 47

What type of viral hepatitis frequently show lymphoid aggregates within portal tracts?

Answer 47

Hepatitis C

Question 48

A characteristic feature of this type of viral hepatitis is the high mortality rate among pregnant women, approaching 20%

Answer 48

Hepatitis E

Question 49

A distinctive variant of hepatocellular carcinoma that occurs in young adults and has no association with HBV or cirrhosis risk factors

Answer 49

Fibrolamellar Carcinoma

Question 50

What is the most common liver tumor of young childhood

Answer 50

Hepatoblastoma

Question 51

What are the most common benign neoplasm in the liver

Answer 51

Hemangiomas

Question 52

These benign neoplasms tend to occur in young women who have used oral contraceptives and regress on discontinuance of their use.

Answer 52

Liver cell Adenoma

Question 53

Rokitansky- Aschoff sinuses are structures seen in what organ?

Answer 53

Gallbladder

Question 54

What is the most common congenital anomaly of the gallbladder?

Answer 54

Presence of Phrygian Cap

Question 55

AKA Strawberry Gallbladder

Answer 55

Cholesterolosis

Question 56

These are tumors arising from the part of the common bile duct between the cystic duct junction and the confluence of the right and left hepatic ducts at the liver

Answer 56

hilusKlatskin tumors

Question 57

What does unrelieved cholestasis lead to?

Answer 57

Portal tract fibrosis

Question 58

63. Gross morphology: GB is shrunken, nodular, and chronically inflamed with foci of necrosis and hemorrhage

Answer 58

Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis

Question 59

Gross morphology: the mucosal surface of the gallbladder is studded with minute yellow flecks

Answer 59

Strawberry Gallbladder Cholesterolosis

Question 60

Type of liver transplant rejection: infiltration of a mixed population of inflammatory cells into portal tracts, bile ducts, and hepatocyte injury and endothelitis

Answer 60

Acute cellular rejections

Question 61

Type of liver transplant rejection severe obliterative arteritis of small and larger arterial vessels results in ischemic changes in the liver parenchyma

Answer 61

Chronic Rejection

Question 62

The combination of hypoperfusion and retrograde congestion acts synergistically to generate what type of necrosis in the liver?

Answer 62

Centrolobular hemorrhagic necrosis

Question 63

Morphology: characterized by the presence of round to oval cytoplasmic globular inclusions in hepatocytes, which in routine H and E stains are acidophilic and indistinctly demarcated from the surrounding cytoplasm

Answer 63

A1 antitrypsin deficienc

Question 64

What zone of the liver if particularly vulnerable of ischemic injury and number of drug and toxic reactions?

Answer 64

Centrilobular zone

Question 65

What zone of the liver is particularly affected in eclampsia?

Answer 65

Periportal zone