Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas Histo

Question 1

What are the functions of the liver?

Answer 1

• Synthesizes and secretes many different compounds
• Stores a variety of substances (Glycogen, vitamin A)
• Eliminates toxic wastes and worn-out RBCs
• Inactivated or detoxifies lipid- soluble substances
• Form and secretes bile
• Hormones (insulin like GF)

Question 2

In the liver, how are hepatocytes arranged?

Answer 2

As plates seperated from each other by sinusoids

Question 3

What is a key function of the liver?

Answer 3

CHO metabolism

Question 4

What does insulin promote?

Answer 4

The uptake of glucose and formation of glycogen by hepatocytes and by skeletal and cardiac muscle cells

Question 5

In addition to bearing the enzymes involved in formation and breakdown of glycogen, and lipids, the SER bears what?

Answer 5

Enzymes that detoxify barbiturates, steroids and alcohol

Question 6

SER in liver also has role in the synthesis of

Answer 6

lipoproteins, cholesterol, bile salts and VLDL

Question 7

Albumin contributes to the

Answer 7

colloid osmotic pressure of plasma

(also has role in transporting fatty acids, thyroid hormones, steroid hormones, substances that are not soluble in plasma

Question 8

What are prothrombin and fibrinogen key in?

Answer 8

The clotting mechansims

Question 9

What does transferrin do?

Answer 9

Transfers iron in plasma to bone marrow, spleen and liver

Question 10

REMINDER TO FINIDH SUMMARY OF FUNCTIONS BY ORGANELLE

Question 11

Classif hepatic lobule drains blood from the _______ and the ______ to the __________

Answer 11

Portal vein; hepatic artery; hepatic or central vein

Question 12

Portal lobule drains bile from hepatocytes to the

Answer 12

bile duct

Question 13

Hepatic acinus supplies

Answer 13

oxygenated blood to hepatocytes

Question 14

Liver is surrounded by

Answer 14

collagen-elastic fiber-containing capsule

Question 15

Liver is lined by the

Answer 15

peritoneum

Question 16

What are the contents of the portal triad?

Answer 16

-Portal vein
- Hepatic artery
- Bile duct

Question 17

Blood flows towards the

Answer 17

vein

Question 18

Bile flows towards the

Answer 18

triads

Question 19

What does the hepatic portal vein carry?

Answer 19

• Nutrient rich blood from intestines and spleen
• Nutrients and toxic materials from intestine
• Blood cells adn breakdown products of blood cells from spleen
• Endocrine secretions from pancreas and enteroendocrine cells of the GI

Question 20

Liver cirrhosis causes disruption of

Answer 20

normal lobular architecture

Question 21

Portal lobule is used to describe the

Answer 21

exocrine function of the liver

Question 22

Portal lobule is a boudnary that joins

Answer 22

3 central veins and is around and closest to portal triad

Question 23

The portal region is the triangular region that is part of what lobule

Answer 23

classic lobule

Question 24

Portal lobule secretes what?

Answer 24

Bile that drains into the bile duct in the portal triad

Question 25

The short axis of the hepatic acinus is defined by what?

Answer 25

The terminal branches of the portal triad that lie along the border between 2 classic lobules

Question 26

What is the long axis of the hepatic acinus

Answer 26

A line drawn between the 2 central veins closest to the short axis

Question 27

Hepatic acinus emphasizes the nature of the blood supply to the

Answer 27

Hepatocytes and the oxygen gradient from the hepatic artery

Question 28

Zone 1 of hepatic acinus

Answer 28

Nearest to the hepatic artery in portal triad so best supplied with oxygen and nutrients

Question 29

Zone 2 of hepatic acinus

Answer 29

Intermediate area between hepatic artery and central vein

Question 30

Zone 3 of hepatic acinus

Answer 30

Farthest from the hepatic artery in portal triad so least supplied with oxygen and nutrients

Question 31

Space of Disse/Perisinusoidal space lies between

Answer 31

Hepatocytes and endothelial cells

Question 32

Space of Disse/Perisinusoidal space serves as the site of exchange of materials between

Answer 32

hepatocytes and the circulation; contains microvilli, plasma, collage, Ito cells

Question 33

Hepato stellate (Ito) cells store

Answer 33

vitamin A and lipid

Question 34

What are functions of vitamin A?

Answer 34

- Maintaining normal vision in reduced light - Involved in immune function, cellular communication, growth and development and male (required for sperm development) and female reproduction - Supports cell growth and differentiation, playing a critical role in the normal formation and maintenance of the heart, lungs, eyes and other organs

Question 35

Kupffer cells belong to what system?

Answer 35

The mononuclear phagocytotic system

Question 36

Kupffer cells form part of the lining of the

Answer 36

sinusoid

Question 37

Kupfeer cells may be involved in the

Answer 37

final breakdown of some damaged or senile red blood cells

Question 38

Bile is involved in the absorption of

Answer 38

fat

Question 39

Bile is a venue for the

Answer 39

excretion of cholesterol, phospholipids, bile salts, bilirubin, iron and copper

Question 40

Empty or partially filled gallbladder has numerous

Answer 40

deep mucosal folds

Question 41

What epithelium lines mucosa of gallbladder?

Answer 41

Simple columnar

Question 42

Gallbladder has prominent

Answer 42

mitochondria, microvilli and large intercellular spaces

Question 43

Does the gallbladder have muscularis mucosae, or submucosa?

Answer 43

No only muscularis externa

Question 44

Hormones secreted by the enteroendocrine cells of SI, in response to the presence of fat in the proximal duodenum, stimulate what?

Answer 44

Contractions of the smooth muscle of the gallbladder

Question 45

Why is bile necessary?

Answer 45

To emulsify fat, and promote digestion and absorption

Question 46

Pancreas is covered by a

Answer 46

delicate layer of CT which enters the gland to divide it into many small not well defined lobules

Question 47

Exocrine pancreas, you will see

Answer 47

acinar cells secrete digestive enzymes into ducts

Question 48

In endocrine pancreas, you will see

Answer 48

islets of Langerhands and capillaries

Question 49

Exocrine pancreas has what type of liquid?

Answer 49

Watery alkaline liquid containing digestive enzymes

Question 50

Pancreatic digestive enzymes are activated only after they

Answer 50

reach the lumen of the SI

Question 51

Inactive proenzymes are synthesized in the

Answer 51

rER of pancreatic acinar cells, then transferred to Golgi

Question 52

Why are inactive proenzymes transferred to Golgi?

Answer 52

To get concentrated in vesicles to form zymogen granules

Question 53

What are centroacinar cells?

Answer 53

Intercalated duct cells which are trapped within an acinus

Question 54

What do centroacinar cells produce?

Answer 54

Bicarbonate

Question 55

What is the stimulus for bicarbonate release?

Answer 55

Secretin

Question 56

PP cells secrete

Answer 56

Pancreatic polypeptide

Question 57

What does pancreatic polypeptide do?

Answer 57

Inhibits enzyme and bicarb release

Question 58

What do D cells secrete?

Answer 58

Somatostatin

Question 59

What does somatostatin do?

Answer 59

Inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion

Question 60

What do alpha cells do?

Answer 60

Release glucagon, increase blood glucose

Question 61

What do beta cells do?

Answer 61

Release insulin, uptake of glucose, convert to glycogen

Question 62

How do beta cells tend to be located in pancreatic islets?

Answer 62

Centrally located

Question 63

How do alpha cells and delta cells tend to be located in pancreatic islets?

Answer 63

At the edge of the islet

Question 64

Are pancreatic islets vascularized?

Answer 64

Yes, well vascularized and their capillaries are fenestrated