Livestock Upper Respiratory Disease Part 1

Question 1

ruminant lungs are _______

Answer 1

lobulated

Question 2

ruminant lungs

Answer 2

• lobulated
• very poor reserve capacity unlike dogs and horses
• pores allow for connection btwn alveoli
• ruminants very prone to rupturing of alveoli and development of emphysematous bulla!!
• hyperreactive organ: hypoxia, inflamm macrphages, histamine sensitive
• anaphylactic organ = they are the response organ
• rumen and bloat

Question 3

what is unique about ruminant lungs and helps prevent disease?

Answer 3

• they have multiple lobes and within thos ehave lobules that are differentiated by septal areas
• septal regions form a barrier and help prevent expansion of bacterial pneumonia into other areas of lung

Question 4

the maxillary sinuses are over

Answer 4

cheek teeth: molars and premolars

Question 5

frontal sinus is over

Answer 5

connects to cornual sinus: goes into horn

Question 6

what is the choana?

Answer 6

where the nasal passage opens into the nasopharynx
important bc developmental condition called choanal atresia

Question 6

what is stridor?

Answer 6

intense musical breath sounds over upper airway, esp in larynx
extrathoracic

Question 7

what is stertor?

Answer 7

sonorous snoring breath sounds of upper airway, flapping soft tissue sounds

Question 8

spontaneous cough indicates taht the disease is more

Answer 8

chronic
acute bronchopneumonia doesn’t usually cough

Question 9

you see a steer with salivation, respiratory signs, conjunctivitis, and ocular discharge. waht do you suspect this is

Answer 9

IBR, likely BHV 1

Question 10

what is the difference in breathing patterns we see with lower and upper airway disease

Answer 10

lower: restrictive breathing pattern: rapid, shallow breaths
upper: obstructive breathing pattern: slow, deep longer inhale

Question 11

what are signs of upper resp airway disease?

Answer 11

head shaking, epistaxis, fever, salivation, quidding, bloat, hypoxemia

Question 12

what are signs of lower resp disease?

Answer 12

fever, cough, resp dyspnea, hemoptysis (coughing blood), SC emphysema, bloat

Question 13

why do you see bloat with lower respiratory disease?

Answer 13

inflammation of the vagal nerve or enlargement of mediastinal LNs putting pressure on esophagus and preventing normal eructation

Question 14

what are the major viral causes of rhinitis?

Answer 14

• BHV 1 - IBR
• PI 3
• BRSV
• BVDV

also coronavirus and MCF: OVH 2

Question 15

what is the most common etiology of rhinitis?

Answer 15

viral !!
BRSV
BHV 1 (IBR)
PI 3
BVDV

we have vaccines against these!

Question 15

rhinitis

Answer 15

• commonly secondary manifestation of other disease (viral!)
• sneezing, pruritis, nasal discharge most common, stertor, conjunctivitis with excessive lacrimation
• irritation and inflammation of mucous membrane inside nose

Question 16

what are causes of rhinitis?

Answer 16

primarily viral
bacterial fungal and lower resp can also cause, or can be primary allergic etiology

Question 17

atopic rhinitis

Answer 17

• allergic rhinitis
• acute, summer snuffles
• Type 1 IgE allergic reaction
• older cattle
• channel island breeds like Jersey, Guernsey
• holsteins

Question 18

what are clinical signs of atopic rhinitis?

Answer 18

• difficulty breathing bc of edema of nasal mucosa
• sneezing, stertor
• nasal discharge, usually serous
• pruritis, head shaking, nose rubbing

Question 19

what causes atopic rhinitis?

Answer 19

antigenic type 1 IgE response to pollen or fungal spores in cattle and SR

Question 20

what is the pathogenesis of atopic rhinitis?

Answer 20

antibodies (IgE) to antigen produced –> subsequent exposures result in type 1 hypersensitivity reactions –> repeated exposures can lead to type IV

Question 21

atopic rhinitis can develop in to a chronic form called

Answer 21

enzootic nasal granuloma
- chornic form
- firm white raised granulomatous nodules
- smalll plaques, dont cause much obstruction/problem

Question 22

what are differnetial diagnoses for enzootic nasal granuloma?

Answer 22

fungal, FB, tumor, irritant

Question 23

how do you diagnose atopic rhinitis?

Answer 23

- endoscopy: best way - culture rule out bacterial or fungal - biopsy - cytology: eosinophils def consider AR

Question 24

how do you treat atopic rhinitis?

Answer 24

- remove allergen - antihistimine (not helpful) - steroids: very helpful MAKE SURE NOT PREGNANT tricky!! wet hay, take animal outside if indoor, etc.

Question 25

what must you confirm before putting an animal on dex or prednisone?

Answer 25

pregnancy status! causes abortion. but these are very useful for atopic rhinitis

Question 26

mycotic nasal granuloma

Answer 26

- fungal infx, upper resp signs - delayed type 4 hypersensitivity, granuloma formulation - dx with endoscopy and biopsy, maybe cytology

Question 27

how do you treat mycotic nasal granuloma?

Answer 27

- difficult: surgery then sodium iodide IV x weeks - can attempt antifungals but expensive + withdrawl times luckily is pretty rare

Question 28

sinusitis

Answer 28

- inflammation of paranasal sinuses - causes: dehorning, maxillary tooth root infx, horn inj, facial fracture, nasal tumor, actinomycosis, lymphoasrcoma, many

Question 29

what bacteria are most commonly involved in sinusitis?

Answer 29

Trueperella pyogenes and Pasteurella multocida but any resp pathogens can be involved

Question 30

what are clinical signs of acute sinusitis?

Answer 30

nasal dc, fever, lethargy, anorexia, percussion

Question 31

what are clinical signs of chronic sinusitis?

Answer 31

nasal dc, percussion, stertor, stridor, foul odor, bone distortion, altered nasal airflow chronic other signs: exophthalmos, neuro signs, carrying head weird

Question 32

what might you hear when you percuss an animal with sinusitis?

Answer 32

if there is fluid/cellular build up, hear dull sound instead of nice resonant sound

Question 33

is nasal dc bilateral or unilateral with sinusitis?

Answer 33

can be either- with frontal sinus sinus drainage area is such that you can see bilateral nasal discharge even if only one side is affected

Question 34

how do you diagnose sinusitis?

Answer 34

- clinical signs - percussion - radiograph - sinus centesis soft tissue density over area of the maxillary sinus

Question 35

prognosis of sinusitis

Answer 35

variable, need to get drainage and cannot rely on abx alone decreased prognosis with chronicity as infx gets deeper into soft tissues and into bone. once they have osteomyelitis it is very difficult to treat prevention is key!! change dehorning practices so not dehorning at later age when horn communicates with frontal sinus

Question 36

how do you treat sinusitis?

Answer 36

- trephination: drilling hole and aspirating sample to help diagnosis culture - cytology not needed - aerobic and anaerobic but mostly aerobic that we get out - do second trephination as well more ventral and lavage with saline and betadine, etc - abx can work well bc of bacteria but downside if Trueperella is that PPG needs given bid and large amount ^ might want longer lasting abx like draxxin, nuflor but they are more expensive

Question 37

what bacteria is largely associated with frontal sinusitis? how do you treat it!

Answer 37

Trueperella pyogenes - secondary to dehorning!! - PENICILLIN!

Question 38

what bacteria is most commonly associated with frontal sinusitis but is NOT ASSOCIATED WITH DEHORNING

Answer 38

pasteurella multocida!! treat with penicillin or oxytetracycline

Question 39

T/F: pasteurella multocida is commonly associated with sinusitis following dehorning

Answer 39

false- it is trueperella pyogenes!!

Question 40

oestrus ovis

Answer 40

- nasal bots of sheep - life cycle spring to early fall - nasal dc, sneezing, nose rubbing, stridor/stertor, decreased nasal airflow (cheeks puff out bc breathing out against nasal obstruction)

Question 41

you get called out to look at a goat that has been sneezing, shaking its head and has some serous nasal discharge. what do you suspect is going on?

Answer 41

oestrus ovis nasal bots adult fly deposits egg on nostrils and they migrate to sinuses and go thru several stages of development

Question 42

oestrus ovis treatment? what ab in other species?

Answer 42

- ivermectin but need to find out when it goes to slaughter bc there is a pretty long meat time - llama: deer pharyngeal bot Cephenemyia but rare