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ClinSci 2 Exam 2 > Respiratory Disease in Small Ruminants > Flashcards

Respiratory Disease in Small Ruminants Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a major risk factor of bronchopneumonia in small ruminants?

A

stress!!

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2
Q

when do spring outbreaks happen in SR?

A
  • lambs 2 weeks to 2 months of age
  • severe weather
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3
Q

when do fall outbreaks happen in SR?

A
  • lambs 5 weeks to 7 months of age
  • severe weather
  • lambs have been weaned and going to feedlots and mixed into different groups; have outbreak of stress
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4
Q

when does lambing out happen?

A

in the spring
at high risk for bronchopneumina

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5
Q

what are the major stressors of SR?

A
  • FPI: failure of passive transport (need good colostrum!!)
  • transportation
  • overcrowding
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5
Q

how does stress affect SR bronchopneumonia?

A
  • impacts lung’s natural defense mechanisms
  • enhances viral infections
  • dysbiosis of respiratory microbiome
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6
Q

clinical signs of bronchopneumonia in SR

A
  • separation from herd
  • lethargy
  • exercise intolerance
  • inappetance
  • increased resp rate or effort
  • cough (may see with feed or bedding changes)
  • poor body condition: need to PALPATE bc these animals have heavy fleece. cannot tell from just looking at them
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7
Q

what are PE findings in SR with bronchopneumonia?

A
  • acute resp dz: fever, tachypnea, nasal/ocular dc
  • chronic: weight loss, cough, tachypnea
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8
Q

what is the difference with mannheimia hemolytic infx in SR compared to cattle?

A

their strain that is infectious is A2: whereas in cattle this serotype is non-pathogenic

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9
Q

pasteurella multocida causes many secondary problems in SR, what are some of these

A

pneumonia, sepsis, arthritis, otitis, mastitis, co infx with bacteria and viral
high ammonia bad!!

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10
Q

what pathogen will become more pathogenic with high levels of ammonia?

A

pasteurella multocida: overcrowding or not clean pens can lead to more pathogenic pasteurella and can lead to more severe disease

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11
Q

what is the bacteria of chronicity in SR?

A

corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis: caseous lymphadenitis. impossible to completely rid the animal of these. have internal and external form
Gram +, facultative anaerobe

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12
Q

what does corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis cause?

A

caseous lymphadenitis
chronic pathogen!!!

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13
Q

mycoplasma capricolum subsp capriccolum (goats) causes what?

A

extrapulmonary disease: arthritis, mastitis, septicemia

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14
Q

what is the only FDA approved drug for treating pneumonia in goats?

A

ceftiofur sodium

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15
Q

how do you control sheep and goat bronchopneumonia?

A
  • vaccination: sheep and goats up to 6 mo
  • improve management
  • limit stress
  • high quality diet
  • QUARANTINE NEW ARRIVALS
  • isolate sick animals
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16
Q

what is super important to do with sheep and goats when they are entering a herd?

A

QUARANTINE

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17
Q

what drug can you NOT USE in sheep and goats?

A

fluoroquinolones: they are highly important with regard to humans, so don’t use in these species. should not use in small ruminants.
ex: enrofloxacin/baytril.
can lose license if the animal changes ownership and then goes to food chain. if they detect it AT ALL, will get license removed because there is no amount approved

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18
Q

caseous lymphadenitis

A
  • corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
  • chronic dz in sheep and goats
  • no cure
  • highly contagious: lives in envt, contaminates large areas
  • ZOONOTIC!! PASTEURIZE MILK!!
  • pyogranulomatous abscesses in lymph nodes and internal organs
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19
Q

T/F: caseous lymphadenitis is zoonotic

A

true!! need to pasteurize milk!!
contaminated equipment, skin abrasion, infected pus, etc
very contagious!!

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20
Q

T/F: there is no cure for caseous lymphadenitis

A

true

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21
Q

what is the external form of CL?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • more common in goats
  • external lns commonly on throat and neck
  • swelling associated with lymph nodes are clinical signs: won’t tell they have this unless doing PE
  • dx: culture: will grow in aerobic conditions
    CAUTION: PUS IS LOADED WITH BACTERIA AND IS HIGHLY CONTAGIOUS
22
Q

how do you diagnose the external form of CL?

Study These Flashcards
A

culture: will grow in aerobic conditions

23
Q

what do you have to be careful about when doing an exam on a goat with lymphadenopathy?

Study These Flashcards
A

immediately think about caseous lymphadenitis- need PPE because the pus is loaded with bacteria and is highly contagious

24
what lymph nodes are seen with CL externally?
throat and neck
25
visceral/internal form of CL with ruminants
- more commonly in sheep - mediastinal and mesenteric lns, lungs, liver, kidney, CNS - rarely have external abscesses
26
what are clinical signs of visceral.interal CL?
- progressive weight loss - chronic poor doers - exercise intolerance - tachypnea - dyspnea - chronic cough
27
how do you diagnose the external CL?
culture pus
28
how do you diagnose the internal CL?
- radiograph thorax for abscesses - culture/PCR/TTW/BALF - failure to isolate CL from TTW/BALF does NOT rule CL out
29
T/F: a negative TTW/BALF rules out CL in a sheep
false, does not rule out
30
how do you diagnose CL in asymptomatic animals?
synertigist hemolysis inhibition: SHI test) - false neg possible, a low titer does NOT rule out disease - theoretically low titer = exposure high titer = infection
31
how do you control CL?
- good biosecurity!!! purchase animals from known neg flocks, prevent sharing of fomites on equipment, test incoming animals - vaccination: rarely eliminates dz, but in a + herd can help - treatment: sx removal of lns, lance and drain, abx (macrolides), cull known + animals
32
what abx can be used to txt CL?
macrolides
33
what are the major viral family causing pulmonary disease in SR?
lentiviruses!! SRLV ovine progressive pneumonia/maedi visna ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma/jaagsiekte caprine arthritis encephalitis virus
34
how are SRLV transmitted?
aerosols, milk, colostrum - subclinical infx and progression lasts months-years - many subclinical animals don't develop signs: why these are super scary. dz is quiet until the very end when they start to show signs right before death. a positive titer is a scary thing bc that means that the virus is likely very present on the farm
35
caprine arthritis encephalitis virus
- infects goats and sheep] - progressive debilitating dz w no txt - horizontal and perinatal spread - worldwide distribtion with high in US
36
how can you txt CAEV?
you cant there is no txt
37
what are major signs of CAEV?
- leukoencephalomyelitis in neonates - arthritis in carpal joints - mastitis - CHRONIC PNEUMONIA: interstitial pathogenesis (type 2 pneumocyte proliferation = poor gas exchange) - chronic encephalomyelitis
38
most CAEV animals will not show signs of dz until late stage dz. how can you screen for it?
- screening: lung ultrasound/CXR
39
how can you diagnose CAEV?
- ELISA >6 mo age in blood and milk - PCR: BALF, lung, blood, synovial fluid/tissue, brain post mortem
40
how can you control CAEV?
- prevent infx in neonates: separate newborns, give virus free colostrum - prevent horizontal spread: test and cull positive animals - prevent introduction to herd washington state has good biosecurity panel: mycobacterium, CAEV, OPP
41
ovine progressive pneumonia virus
- maedi visna - infx sheep primarily horizontal and perinatal spread, but can affect goats with cross species transmission from sheep milk being used in goat kids - 25-30% of infx animals will exhibit clinical signs, but will be seen 4-5 years of age
42
what are clinical signs of OPP?
- interstitial pneumonia, wasting, mastitis, arthritis, neuro signs - rapid progression over 1 year: why it is important to know about herd status: if you have a clinical case, this means they have been shedding for 4-5 years!!
43
what findings on rads do you see with OPP?
chronic progressive interstitial pattern see haziness, but not much of an alveolar pattern. overall haze indicates interstitial disease radiographs challening to use as screening method can use US, but very difficult and not consistent
44
what clinical signs key in to testing for OPP in the field?
older animal not doing well, chronic wasting, poor doer, etc
45
how can you diagnose OPP?
- screen: US, CXR - ELISA: seroconversion can take weeks to 1 year, maternal abs might interfere, low cost screening on milk - PCR: milk, BALF, lymph node (not usually doing these on a herd basis tho, do blood and milk on that scale)
46
how do you treat OPP?
- no txt: most animals die within 1 year of exhibiting clinical signs - no vaccine available - difficult to get rid of once in herd - cull and test!! need to keep testing bc one might not register on titer if they are in a subclinical phase. test herd every 6 months
47
how do you prevent OPP?
- isolate and test: test every 6 months!! - don't share rams!!!** - segregate animals at shows - purchase animals from known OPP free flocks
48
ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma
- jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus: causative agent of neoplasia - AKA pulmonary adenomatosis virus - mostly sheep, rarely in goats - worldwide, not in australia, eradicated in iceland - no effective diagnostic for subclinical sheep, no vaccination, no treatment - may cause fatal neoplasia spread via resp secretions
49
why is OPA so difficult to control?
- mostly sheep, rarely in goats - worldwide, not in australia, eradicated in iceland - no effective diagnostic for subclinical sheep, no vaccination, no treatment - may cause fatal neoplasia spread via resp secretions`\
50
how is JSRV/OPA shed?
- subclinical carriers: milk and colostrum, vertical transmission unlikely young lambs are most susceptible to infx tumors develop over months to years
51
what are signs of JSRV/OPA?
- young lambs more susceptible - tumors develop over months to years - progressive emaciation, resp compromise, copious nasal dc when head lowered, wheelbarrow test
52
you get called out to a farm to evaluate a recently purchased 2 year old ewe that lambed 5 days prior. the owner purchased the pregnant ewe and has no prev history. the owner integrated immediately into the herd because she seemed healthy. BAR and on observation is eating with the herd. moderate prescapular lymphadenopathy, and remainder of PE is normal. T: 102.8 P: 100bpm R: 28bpm (all normal) you are concerned about the owner's herd biosecurity. based on PE and history, what is the best diagnostic testing strategy?
collect aspirate of lymph node for aerobic culture could also submit blood for SHI test, but culture will be faster and more accurate definitely concerned about CL for this herd!!

ClinSci 2 Exam 2 (22 decks)

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