Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

ClinSci 2 Exam 2 > Exercise Intolerance & Respiratory Obstruction in Horses > Flashcards

Exercise Intolerance & Respiratory Obstruction in Horses Flashcards

1
Q

name the laryngeal cartilages rostral to caudal

A

epiglottis
thyroid
arytenoid- paired + sit on top of thyroid
cricoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the rima glottidis?

A

arytenoids on top of thyroid cartilages and surrounding tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

any disease process that decreases the size of rima glottidis __________ the airway resistance

A

increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

increases in airway resistance leads to

A

dynamic airway collapse —> NOISE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how does exercise intolerance lead to problems in horses?

A
  • decreased rima glottidis size with increased negative inspiratory pressure
  • hypoxemia, hypercarbia
  • metabolic acidosis
  • musculoskeletal fatigue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what diagnostics do you want to do to examine the URT?

A
  • PE/historyy
  • laryngeal palpation: cartilages symmetrical? one side easy to feel = atrophy
  • upper airway endoscopy (main one)
  • US
  • rads/CT
  • biopsy/sample collection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what diagnostics do you want to do to examine the LRT?

A
  • PE/history
  • auscultation
  • endoscopy/bronchoscopy
  • US
  • radiographs (esp in foals)
  • sample collection
  • bipsy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is a more sensitive test for assessing arytenoid abduction than nasal occlusion?

A

swallowing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

grade 1 layrngeal hemiplegia

A

synchronous and symmetrical and full arytenoid cartilage abduction can be achieved and maintained

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

grade 2 layrngeal hemiplegia

A

arytenoid cartilage movements are ASYNCHRONOUS and/or larynx is asymmetric at times but full arytenoid cartilage abduction can be achieved and maintained

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

grade 3 layrngeal hemiplegia

A

arytenoid cartilage movements are asynchronous and/or asymmetric. full arytenoid cartilage abduction cannot be achieved and maintained

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

is laryngeal hemiplegia right or left sided?

A

left sided because of recurrent laryngeal neuropathy (axonal degeneration) affecting the crico-arytenoideus dorsalis muscle function. also innervates all intrinsic muscles of larynx! lose adduction in addition to abduction

idiopathic: we don’t know why. maybe because L recurrent laryngeal nerve is longer? unsure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

laryngeal hemiplegia is paralysis/paresis of what muscle?

A

arytenoid abductor muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

prosthetic laryngoplasty

A

tie back

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

prosthetic laryngoplasty (tie back) procedure

A
  • fixing to mimic function of CAD muscle (permanent)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

ventriculocordectomy

A
  • cutting part of vocal cord and removing saccules to prevent horse from making noise
  • neuromuscular pedicle graft: need to be caught in early time point to do this bc need some normal muscle function
  • arytenoidectomy (partial): last ditch efforty
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

you hear a horse with right laryngeal hemiplegia. what are your differentials?

A
  • chondritis
  • neuropathy: peri vascular inj most common
  • laryngeal dysplasia (rBAD): 4th brachial arch defect
  • EPM
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

is bilateral laryngeal paralysis common or uncommon?

A

uncommon
risk of acute death due to asphyxiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are causes of bilateral laryngeal paralysis?

A
  • arytenoid chondritis
  • organophosphate, lead toxicity
  • CNS disease like EPM
  • heaptic dysnfuction/encephalopathy
  • secondary to GA from head being unsupported
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is treatment of bilateral laryngeal paralysis?

A
  • steroids, NSAIDS, Vitamin E
  • tracheostomy
  • unilateral laryngoplasty not recommended: airway contamination
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

arytenoid chondritis

A
  • inflammatory condition of arytenoid cartilage
  • etiology: respiratory trauma
  • FIXED obstruction = inspiratory and expieraotry noise
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are clinical signs of arytenoid chondritis?

A
  • coughing
  • dysphagia
  • nasal dc
  • resp noise
  • exercise intolerance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

endoscopy of arytenoid chondirits can show what?

A
  • distortion of corniculate process
  • cartilage exposure
  • granulomas/ulceration
  • kissing lesion on opposite arytenoid
  • arytenoid function improtant
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what diagnostic is most important with arytenoid chonrdirits

A

Ultrasound

25
how do you treat early mild cases of arytenoid chondirits?
- - rest, NSAIDS, abx, pharyngeal spray (aka throat spray) - severe cases could require tracheostomy: need to evaluate function of arytenoids. may need to remove one or both
26
surgical treatment of arytenoid chondritis
arytenoidectomy (partial) to remove part of the affected arytenoid
27
what causes epiglottitis?
- mucosal and/or cartilage inflammation - edema, reddening, thickening, cartilage may be exposed at tip - epiglottis may or may not be entrapped
28
T/F: with all cases of epiglottitis, the epiglottis gets entrapped
false. may or may not be entrapped
29
what are clinical signs of epiglottitis?
coughing, respiratory noise, exercise intolerance
30
dorsal displacement of the soft palate
- intermittent or persistnent - common cause of resp noise and poor performance, 10-20% of racehorses - primary disease: dysfx of pharyngeal nerves and muscles - secondary disease: disruption to palatal-epiglottal seal, increased caudal position of the larynx (allows larynx to slip under palate)
31
what is treatment for epiglottitis?
STOP EXERCISE anti inflammatories, abx, corticosteroids
32
what can cause the larynx to be pushed more caudally?
- pharyngitis or lymphoid hyperplasia - lower airway disease
33
do you hear expiratory or inspiratory noise with dorsal displacement of the soft palate?
expiratory
34
clinical signs of dorsal displacement of the soft palate
- resp noise: expiratory - exercise intolerance - decreased performance and open mouth breathing "choking down" - intermittent coughing: persistent - increased swallowing prior to displacement
35
how do you diagnose dorsal displacement of the soft palate?
- history - resting endoscopy: PERSISTENT dorsal displacement of the soft palate - evaluate palatal border - under epiglottis - dynamic endoscopy: intermittent - radiographs
36
how do you treat dorsal displacement of the soft palate
- treat primary etiology: pharyngitis vs ulcer, lower airway dz? txt with steroids or abx - tongue tie: questionable success. no change in mechanics - cornell collar: throat support device: prevents caudal retraction of larynx
37
what is the cornell collar?
throat support device: prevents caudal retraction of larynx used for dorsal displacement of the soft palate ILLEGAL IN HORSE SHOWS WE DONT USE THEM
38
do we want to use tongue tie to treat dorsal displacement of the soft palate
no; questionable success and no change
39
do we want to use cornell collar to treat dorsal displacement of the soft palate
NO THEY ARE ILLEGAL AND NOT MADE ANYMORE
40
what is the goal of a laryngeal tie forward?
elevate and advance the larynx rostral to mimic the thyrohyoideus muscle - suture pulls ventral thyroid cartilage towards basihyoid to advance the larynx rostral and dirsal
41
what is the best txt for dorsal displacement of the soft palate
laryngeal tie forward elevate and advance the larynx rostral to mimic the thyrohyoideus muscle - suture pulls ventral thyroid cartilage towards basihyoid to advance the larynx rostral and dirsal typically combined with sternothyroideus myotenectomy
42
pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia/pharyngitis
- exercise intolerance, resp noise <3 yo racehorses - local immune response to inhaled antigens - endoscopy and investigate lower airway disease - anti inflammatories and pharyngeal spray
43
what is the most common condition of the epiglottis?
epiglottic entrapment apex trapped by aryepiglottic folds intermittent or persistent predisposes to DDSP: dorsal displacement of the soft palate diagnose using endoscopy
44
what is epiglottic entrapment?
most common condition of the epiglottis apex trapped by aryepiglottic folds intermittent or persistent predisposes to DDSP: dorsal displacement of the soft palate diagnose using endoscopy
45
what are clinical signs of epiglottic entrapment?
abnormal resp noise exercise intolerance dysphagia (less common): coughing or nasal dc
46
how do you treat epiglottic entrapment?
surgery: standing endoscopy
47
what are clinical signs of upper respiratory disorders or obstructions in horses?
- slow, exaggerated respiration - stridor: high pitched whistle: issue with larynx or trachea - stertor: low pitch gurgle: issue with naso/oropharynx - facial swelling/edema: snake bite - pharyngeal/laryngeal swelling: strangles, chondritis,
48
you go to intubate a horse for endoscopy but find that it is very hard to intubate. what do you immediately worry about?
laryngeal hemiplegia: upper airway obstruciton. need to watch closely to make sure you don't need to do a tracheostomy
49
why might you see pink foam from nostrils in a case of upper airway obstruction (ex: bilateral laryngeal hemiplegia)
pulmonary edema secondary to profound negative inspiratory pressure treat with lasix +/- abx
50
intra-thoracic respiratory disorders have what 2 types?
obstructive vs restrictive for restrictive: ultrasound!!
51
intra-thoracic obstructive disorders
- high airway resistance - leads to expiratory or mixed insp/exp distress: increased abdominal effort - equine asthma or heaves
52
intra-thoracic restrictive disorders
- low compliance - respiratory distress without noise: nostril flare, increased rsp rate/effort - pneumonia, pleuritis - absence of lung sounds ventrally (pleural effusion) - pneumothoraxi: absence of lung sounds dorsally - US!
53
will you hear respiratory noise with restrictive intra-thoracic disorders or obstructive disorders?
obstructive disorders absence of noise with restrictive disorders
54
pneumothorax is absence of lung sounds ventrally/dorsally
dorsally
55
pneumonia/pleuritis is absence of lung sounds ventrally/dorsally
ventrally (pleural effusion)
56
what diagnostic is best for intra-thoracic restrictive disorders?
ultrasound
57
what is a cause of intra-thoracic obstructive disorders?
equine asthma or heaves
58
you visit a mini pony that is having respiratory issues. you hear both expiratory and inspiratory noise when the pony breathes. do you suspect intra-thoracic obstructive or restrictive disorders
obstructive disorders
59
how do you treat intra-thoracic respiratory disorders?
rescue treatments aimed at primary problem: asthma crisis use albuterol, anaphylactic shock use epinephrine, oxygen

ClinSci 2 Exam 2 (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions