Living Under Nazi Rule- Control and opposition 1933-39 Flashcards
(21 cards)
What were the three main mechanisms for gathering intelligence that were controlled by the SS?
The SD
The Gestapo
Informants
What were the SD?
The SD were the secret Service
- The main intelligence-gathering organisation
- Focused on opposition to the party itself, particularly from the church
- Lead by Reinhard Heydrich and there were only a few hundred-full time agents
Who led the SD?
Reinhard Heydrich
How did the Nazis use block leaders as informants?
The Block Leader’s job was to deliver new to the 40-60 houses in their area. They also spied in these people
How many active members of the Gestapo were there?
15000
Who was in charge of the Nazi Machinery of terror?
Heinrich Himmler
How did the justice system change?
The Orpo (original police) and Kripo (criminal police) worked as they did before nazi rule but they also provided intelligence and rounded up potential enemies, including Jewish People
Judges had to swear an oath of loyalty to Hitler and sentences in the years of Nazi rule became far harsher
The number of crimes punishable by death rose from 3 in 1933 to 46 in 1943.
How many germans were given the death sentence?
40,000
How were concentration camps used in this period?
In this period, the aim of concentration camps was to keep political opponents in one area, they weren’t death camps yet
When was the ministry of Public enlightenment and propaganda created?
13march 1933, led by Goebbels
Give 5 examples of propaganda used
Newspapers
Radios
Berlin olympic
Film
Culture
How was the berlin olympics used as propaganda?
The games promoted Aryan superiority- exception Jesse owens
How were newspapers used as propaganda?
The Nazis published their own newspapers, like the antisemitic Der Sturmer
How were radios used as propaganda?
1.5 Million people’s receivers were made in 1933
How were films used as propaganda?
Nazis controlled film throught the reich Film chamber
Why was the resistance of the social democrats and the communists minimal?
They hated each other and refused to cooperate -as a result their resistance was minimal
What was the resistance of the social democrats like?
After 1933, most SD leaders fled to prague
Many were hunted down by the gestapo
What was the resistance of the communists like?
They were more active than the SDs, meetings, propaganda
They produced 10,000 copies of their newsletter The Red Flag every month
Due to their visibility they were easy targets for the gestapo
What was the agreement hitler made with the church and did he break this agreement?
Hitler made an agreement with pope pius XI to leave the catholic church alone
These promises were broken. In 1936, all church youth groups were banned and by 1939 all church schools had been closed
How did Martin Niemoller provide resistance?
Refused to join the reich church, founded an alternative Confessional church
By 1934 6000 pastors had joined
Niemoller preached against Nazi racial policy
and was arrested and sent to a concentration camp
How did Pope Pius XI provide resistance?
He wrote a letter called With Burning Anxiety which was smuggled into Germany and read out in all catholic churches on palm Sunday
