LMP301 Lecture 7: Endocrine Disease Flashcards
Endocrine diseases (78 cards)
1
Q
List the principle endocrine glands
A
- Hypothalamus
- Pituitary
- Thyroid gland
- Parathyroid gland
- Adrenal gland
- Pancreas
- Ovaries
- Testes
2
Q
What types of hormones does the hypothalamus release?
A
- Releasing hormones
- Inhibiting hormones
3
Q
What are the releasing hormones released by the hypothalamus?
A
- GHRH (growth hormone)
- TRH (thyrotrophin)
- CRH (corticotrophin)
- GnRH (gonadotrophin)
4
Q
What are the inhibiting hormones released by the hypothalamus?
A
- Somatostatin
- Dopamine
5
Q
Hypothalamus usually sends signals to…
A
Pituitary gland
6
Q
Pituitary gland is divided into…
A
- Anterior Pituitary
- Posterior pituitary
7
Q
What hormones are released by the a. pituitary?
A
- GH (growth)
- TSH (thyroid-stimulating)
- ACTH (adrenocorticotrophic)
- LH (luteinizing)
- FSH (Follicle-stimulating)
- PRL (Prolactin.)
8
Q
What hormones are released by the p. pituitary?
A
- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH/vasopressin)
- Oxytocin
9
Q
Hormones secreted by thyroid gland
A
- T4
- T3
- Calcitonin
10
Q
T3
A
thyroxine
11
Q
T4
A
Triiodothyronine
12
Q
Hormones secreted by adrenal cortex
A
Steroids:
- Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
- Glucocorticoids (cortisol)
- Adrenal androgens
13
Q
Thyroid gland controls…
A
metabolism
14
Q
Hormones secreted by parathyroid gland
A
PTH (parathyroid hormone)
15
Q
Parathyroid gland controls…
A
Ca++ levels in the body
16
Q
The adrenal gland is divided into
A
- Adrenal cortex
- Adrenal medulla
17
Q
Hormones secreted by adrenal medulla
A
Catecholamines: E and NE
18
Q
Catecholamines are…
A
neurohormones
19
Q
Hormones secreted by ovaries
A
- Estrogens
- Progesterone
20
Q
Hormones secreted by the testes
A
Testosterone
21
Q
Hormones secreted by pancreas
A
- Glucagon (alpha cells)
- Insulin (Beta cells)
- Somatostatin (delta cells)
22
Q
how are hormones classified?
A
- Endocrine
- Paracrine
- Autocrine
- Neuroendocrine, NT
23
Q
What are endocrine hormones?
A
Long distance
- sent through blood and carried to target cells
24
Q
What are paracrine hormones?
A
Short distance
- act on nearby cells
25
Example of paracrine hormone?
Glucagon act on B-cells of the pancreas
26
Example of endocrine hormone?
ACTH from pituitary act on adrenal cortex
27
What are autocrine hormones?
Local
| - hormone act on cell that secreted it
28
Example of autocrine hormone
1,25(OH)2vitD from prostate & pancreas
29
What are NT/NE hormones?
Hormones secreted from neural axon terminals
30
Examples of NT/NE hormones
E
| NE
31
Ways in which the endocrine system is controlled:
1. Feedback (positive and negative)
| 2. Receptor
32
___ interaction between hormone and their receptor
Reversible
33
2 types of receptors
1. Cell surface receptors
| 2. Intracellular receptors
34
Cell surface receptors
Used by large, liquid insoluble hormones
- Rapid response
- cascade
- intracellular signalling pathway
35
Intracellular receptors
Used by smaller, liquid soluble hormones
- Gene regulation
- in cytosol or nucleus
- activates TF
- slow response
36
Relationship between hypothalamus and p. pituitary
Hormones produced by hypothalamus can be stored in the p. pituitary until signal for release
37
Relationship between hypothalamus and a. pituitary
Hypothalamus sends signal (releasing hormones), and the corresponding hormones are produced at the a. pituitary
38
Effect of GnRH on a. pituitary
stimulate LH/FSH production
39
Effect of CRH on a. pituitary
stimulate ACTH production
40
Effect of GHRH on a. pituitary
stimulate GH production
41
Effect of somatostatin on a. pituitary
Inhibit GH and TSH production
42
Effect of TRH on a. pituitary
Stimulate TSH and prolactin production
43
Effect of domapine on a. pituitary
inhibit prolactin production
44
What is prolactin mostly affected by?
If dopamine inhibiting signal is there. TRH does not have a major effect (unless abundance of TRH)
45
Target organ of LH/FSH
gonads
46
Target organ of ACTH
adrenal cortex
47
Target organ of GH
liver, other tissues
48
Target organ of TSH
thyroid
49
Target organ of prolactin
breasts, other tissues
50
LH/FSH stimulates production of...
- Androgens
| - Estrogens
51
ACTH stimulates production of...
Cortisol
52
GH stimulates production of...
IGF-1
53
TSH stimulates production of...
T4, T3
54
Hormone concentration in blood ____ due to normal reasons, such as...
Changes
- episodic secretion patterns
- stress
- circadian rhythm
55
How do we investigate endocrine diseases?
use dynamic tests (provocative tests)
56
dynamic tests
Test hormone response and feedback following a stimulating / inhibiting signal
57
What dynamic test is used for Cushing's syndrome?
Dexamethasone suppression tests
58
What dynamic test is used for Addison's disease?
Synacthen test (using synthetic ACTH)
59
What dynamic test is used for diabetes & acromegaly?
Oral glucose tolerance test
60
"Spade-like" hands is a symptom of...
Acromegaly
61
Define: acromegaly
increased GH in adults
62
Most likely cause of acromegaly?
pituitary adenoma (tumour)
63
Clinical features of acromegaly?
- rough facial features
- soft tissue thickens
- spade-like hands
- protruding jaw (prognathism)
- sweating
- impaired glucose tolerance / diabetes
64
Why do people with acromegaly tend to have impaired glucose tolerance?
- GH opposes effects of insulin
- IGF-1 initially acts like insulin and lowers glucose, but overtime, the insulin receptors become insensitive due to continual large outputs of IGF
65
Major effects of GH (somatotrophin)
- Reduce glucose metabolism (less insulin receptors)
- Increase lypolysis (use FA for energy)
- Increase AA transport into muscles, liver, adipose cells
- Increase proteins synthesis (transcription & translation in the liver)
- Increase IGF
66
Factors that enhance effects of GH
- sleep
- AA
- Exercise
- Stress
- Low glucos
67
Factors that supresse effects of GH
- High glucose
68
GH can be directly measured by...
Immunoassay
69
2 dynamic tests given to diagnose problems with GH
- Use insulin to induce hypoglycemia -> will GH be secreted in response to low glucose? (GH deficiency)
- Glucose tolerance test -> will high glucose stop GH secretion? (acromegaly)
70
How to measure IGF-1 (somatomedin C)?
Immunoassay
71
IGF-1 is an indicator of...
| Why is it so good?
GH
| Very stable in the blood stream; easy to detect because very concentrated in the blood
72
IGF-1 is what type of hormone?
Endocrine, autocrine, paracrine
73
The body has more insulin or IGF-1?
IGF-1
74
_____ in response to a GTT is the diagnostic test for acromegaly
Lack of GH suppression
75
GTT
glucose tolerance test
76
Treatment of acromegaly
- surgery
- drugs
- radiotherapy
77
What kind of drugs can treat acromegaly?
- GH agonists
| - GHRH angonists (not as effective)
78
Hypothalamus - a. pituitary - liver axis for GH control
GHRH (+) and somatostatin (-) released from hypothalamus
GH released from a. pituitary
IGF-1 released from liver
