LO15

Question 1

definition: the accumulation of genetic changes within populations over time

Answer 1

evolution

Question 2

definition: a group of individuals of the same species living in the same geographic region at the same time

Answer 2

population

Question 3

What is the unifying concept in biology?

Answer 3

evolution

Question 4

Explains both similarities and differences among living organisms

Answer 4

evolution

Question 5

provides a scientifically testable mechanisms for how life could have originated from a common ancestor

Answer 5

evolution

Question 6

Do individual evolve?

Answer 6

no populations do

Question 7

definition: involves minor genetic changes within a population or species over a few generations

Answer 7

microevolution

Question 8

The emergence of a new viral strain is an example of what kind of evolution?

Answer 8

microevolution

Question 9

definition: a group of organisms with similar genetics, structure, cunction, and behavior that can interbreed

Answer 9

species

Question 10

definition: involves major genetic changes usually over long periods of time that form new species

Answer 10

macroevolution

Question 11

Microevolutionary process explain what?

Answer 11

How macroevolution occurs

Question 12

What philospher arranged living organisms in a scale of nature?

Answer 12

Aristotle

Question 13

How was the scale of nature organized?

Answer 13

from more simple to more complex

Question 14

What ways did Aristotle think living organisms were changing towards?

Answer 14

perfection

Question 15

What did Leonardo da Vinci recognize?

Answer 15

That fossils were the remains of once living organisms

Question 16

definitions: remains of once living organisms

Answer 16

fossils

Question 17

Who was Lamarck?

Answer 17

a french naturalist who said that organisms changed over time by natural phenomena

Question 18

What was Lamarck hypothesis?

Answer 18

The inheritance of acquired characteristics

Question 19

To Lamarck what would a changing environment do to organisms?

Answer 19

It would change their behavior to use some body parts more or less depending on what is needed

Question 20

To Lamark what would happen to any changes acquired by an organism to the offscpring?

Answer 20

They could be passed on

Question 21

Who was Darwin?

Answer 21

An english naturalist who developed the theory of evolution by natural selection

Question 22

Darwin’s theory explained what?

Answer 22

that better adapted organisms are more likely to survive and reproduce

Question 23

definition: a genetic trait that improves the chances of survival and reproduction in a given environment

Answer 23

adaptation

Question 24

Where did most of Darwin’s ideas come from?

Answer 24

His observations during the voyage of the HMS Beagle

Question 25

Adaptation increase the likelihood that organisms will _______ and ______ to a greater extent?

Answer 25

survive; reproduce

Question 26

Who was Darwin influenced by?

Answer 26

Charles Lyell and Thomas Malthus

Question 27

What did Lyell discover?

Answer 27

That the earth's physical features were the result of geological process that occur over long periods of time.

Question 28

What did Darwin realize from Lyell?

Answer 28

That the earth was old enough for species to have had time to evolve

Question 29

What did Malthus suggest?

Answer 29

That the human population growth is not always desirable?

Question 30

What did Darwin realized from Malthus?

Answer 30

That there is a struggle for existence in nature; survival of fittest

Question 31

What does the conflict between population growth and limited resources do?

Answer 31

Keep population size in check

Question 32

What are the four premises of evolution by natural selection?

Answer 32

1. individuals are genetically variable 2. In every generation more offspring are produced than can survive 3. survival is limited by resources 4. individuals with inherited variations that increase their survival and reproduction are favored

Question 33

adaptive traits do what to frequency with each generation?

Answer 33

increase in frequency

Question 34

Over long periods of time, enough changes would do what?

Answer 34

produce new species

Question 35

Requires geographic separation

Answer 35

speciation

Question 36

definition: a unified theory of evolution combining Darwin's theory of natural selection with Mendelian inheritance principles

Answer 36

modern synthesis

Question 37

What did the modern synthesis show?

Answer 37

It showed how mutations provide the genetic variations that natural selection acts on

Question 38

Who was Alfred Russel Wallace?

Answer 38

a british naturalist that made a hypothesis similar to darwins

Question 39

What provides a direct evidence of evolution?

Answer 39

a fossil

Question 40

definition: remains or traces of organisms left in sedimentary rock

Answer 40

fossils

Question 41

how does sedimentary rock form?

Answer 41

it forms in layers over time

Question 42

What happens during fossilization?

Answer 42

the details of an organism are preserved as minerals replace the tissues of the organism

Question 43

do most organisms become fossilized?

Answer 43

no they do not

Question 44

Organisms living in which type of environment are more likely to fossilize?

Answer 44

aquatic environments

Question 45

Organism with which types of bodies or body structures are more likely to fossilize?

Answer 45

hard body parts (vertebrates; exoskeletons)

Question 46

What is in the oldest deepest part of sedimentary rock layers contain?

Answer 46

ancient unicellular or simple multicellular organism

Question 47

What is in the shallower layers of sedimentary rock?

Answer 47

contains more recent organisms and more complex multicellular organisms

Question 48

definition: shows the gradual evolution of a group of organisms via intermediates

Answer 48

transitional fossil

Question 49

definition: the study of the geographic distribution of living and extinct organisms

Answer 49

biogeography

Question 50

definition: movements of continents due to plate tectonics

Answer 50

continenetal drift

Question 51

what played a major role in biogeography and evolution?

Answer 51

continental drift

Question 52

related organisms share what kind of features that they inherited from their common ancestor?

Answer 52

homologous features

Question 53

definition: features that have a common underlying structure

Answer 53

homologous features

Question 54

What is the reason that there is a similarity in bone, muscle and nerve structure among different vertebrate forelimbs.

Answer 54

common ancestry

Question 55

comparative anatomy reveals what?

Answer 55

homoplasy

Question 56

comparative anatomy reveals what?

Answer 56

homology

Question 57

Organisms can share superficially similar features that evolved how?

Answer 57

independently not from a common ancestor

Question 58

definition: when similar environmental pressures result in similar adaptation among oganisms

Answer 58

homoplasy

Question 59

What does homoplasy demonstrates?

Answer 59

the power of natural selection through convergent evolution

Question 60

definition: the independent evolution of functionally similar structures in organisms that were not inherited from the common ancestorr of those organisms

Answer 60

convergent evolution

Question 61

comparative anatomy reveals what?

Answer 61

vestigal structures

Question 62

How do structures become vestigial?

Answer 62

They adapt to different modes of life or a changing environment

Question 63

definition: a nonfunctional or degenerate remnant of a structure that was once functional in an ancestor

Answer 63

vestigial structure

Question 64

What are examples of vestigial structures in humans?

Answer 64

coccyx, wisdom teeth, ear muscles

Question 65

What are examples of vestigial structures in whales and pythons?

Answer 65

hind limbs

Question 66

What are examples of vestigial structures in cave organisms?

Answer 66

eyes and pigment

Question 67

definitions: nonfunctional genes that have lost their protein-coding ability due to mutation and are no longer expressed

Answer 67

pseudogenes

Question 68

Examples of a pseudogenes is what?

Answer 68

Human olfactory senses

Question 69

Vertebrates share a similar pattern of development due to what?

Answer 69

A common ancestry

Question 70

All vertebrates embryos have what?

Answer 70

segmented muscles, throat pouches, a tubular heart, and an aortic arch

Question 71

Aquatic vertebrates do what to the features they have in their embryos?

Answer 71

they keep and retain them as adults

Question 72

Terrestrial vertebrates do what to the features they have in their embryos?

Answer 72

They do not need them