LO7

Question 1

Definition: energy

Answer 1

the capacity to do work

Question 2

energy is used when work is performed

Answer 2

kinetic energy

Question 3

sodium potassium pump is an example of

Answer 3

kinetic energy

Question 4

capacity to do work

Answer 4

potential energy

Question 5

concentration gradients are an exmaple of

Answer 5

potential energy

Question 6

energy cannot be created or destroyed only converted from one form to another

Answer 6

first law of thermodynamics

Question 7

capture energy from their environment and convert it to a usable form

Answer 7

open systems

Question 8

organisms are _____ systems

Answer 8

open

Question 9

photosynthesis is an example of an _______ system

Answer 9

open

Question 10

living organisms are highly ordered which also means they have a low ______

Answer 10

entropy

Question 11

as energy conversions occur in living organisms, energy is ____ in the form of heat

Answer 11

lost

Question 12

entropy is continuously increasing

Answer 12

second law of thermodynamics

Question 13

definition: entropy

Answer 13

disorder/randomness

Question 14

sum of all chemical reactants

Answer 14

metabolism

Question 15

G

Answer 15

free energy

Question 16

definition: free energy

Answer 16

the amount of energy available to do cellular work

Question 17

exergonic reactions are those that ______ free energy

Answer 17

release

Question 18

in exergonic reactions products have ______ free energy than the reactants

Answer 18

less

Question 19

exergonic reactions have a ________ value

Answer 19

negative change in free energy

Question 20

definition: catabolic reaction

Answer 20

break down larger molecules into smaller ones through hydrolysis reactions

Question 21

catabolic reactions are typically ______ reactions

Answer 21

exergonic

Question 22

______ reactions require free energy

Answer 22

endergonic reactions

Question 23

have a +free energy value

Answer 23

endergonic reactions

Question 24

in endergonic products have ______ free energy than the reactants

Answer 24

more

Question 25

synthesize larger molecules from smaller ones through condensations reactions

Answer 25

anabolic reactants

Question 26

anabolic reactions are typically ______ reactions

Answer 26

endergonic

Question 27

endergonic reactions can be powered by _____

Answer 27

ATP

Question 28

ATP provides energy to other molecules by ________________ to another molecule

Answer 28

transferring the 3rd phosphate group

Question 29

endergonic reactions can be powered by ___________

Answer 29

electrons

Question 30

energy of electrons is transferred from one molecule to another

Answer 30

redox reactions

Question 31

NAHD is the _____ form

Answer 31

reduced

Question 32

NAD+ is the ________ form

Answer 32

oxidized

Question 33

electron acceptor molecules become _____ when they accept electrons

Answer 33

reduced

Question 34

enzymes are ________________

Answer 34

biological catalysts

Question 35

definition: catalysts

Answer 35

speed up chemical reactions

Question 36

biological catalysts include

Answer 36

protein enzymes and RNA molecules(ribosomes)

Question 37

enzymes are ________ specific

Answer 37

highly

Question 38

definition: where the specific reactant molecule binds to an enzyme

Answer 38

active site

Question 39

enzymes only catalyze _______ reactions

Answer 39

exergonic

Question 40

enzymes work by __________ the activation energy

Answer 40

lowering

Question 41

definition: activation energy

Answer 41

energy required to break the bonds of the reactant molecules

Question 42

How do enzymes reduce the activation energy?

Answer 42

by bringing the reactant molecules close together and putting strain on their bonds

Question 43

definition: substrates

Answer 43

reactant molecules

Question 44

enzyme-catalyzed reaction steps

Answer 44

1. substrate molecules binds to an enzyme's active site 2. unstable enzyme-substrate complex is formed 3. substrate is converted into one or more products 4. enzyme is recycle and can catalyze that reaction again

Question 45

definition: induced fit

Answer 45

when the enzyme and substrate bind

Question 46

hydrolysis reactions are _______ reactions

Answer 46

exergonic

Question 47

as temperature increases, catalytic activity _______ until an enzyme denatures

Answer 47

increases

Question 48

defintion: denaturation

Answer 48

enzyme unfolds and becomes nonfunctional

Question 49

where structures are broken when an enzyme denatures?

Answer 49

2°, 3°, and 4° structure

Question 50

many enzymes require ________ to function

Answer 50

cofactors

Question 51

most trace elements function as ________ by binding to and activating specific enzymes

Answer 51

cofactors

Question 52

definition: products of one enzymatic reaction controls the activity of another enzyme in the pathway

Answer 52

feedback inhibition

Question 53

definition: a molecule binds to an enzyme at a site other than its active site

Answer 53

allosteric regulation

Question 54

definition: makes substrate binding possible

Answer 54

activation

Question 55

definition: preventing substate binding

Answer 55

deactivation

Question 56

definition: molecule temporarily. binds to an enzyme's active site and competes with sites normal substrate

Answer 56

competitive inhibition

Question 57

definition: permanently binds to an enzyme at its active site or elsewhere making the enzyme nonfunctional

Answer 57

irreversible inhibition

Question 58

Law: living organisms can exchange energy with their environment

Answer 58

first law of thermodynamics

Question 59

disorder is increasing

Answer 59

second law of thermodynamics

Question 60

condensation reactions are ________ reactions

Answer 60

endergonic

Question 61

components of an ATP molecule are

Answer 61

adenine, a nitrogenous base, ribose, purine, a five carbon monosaccharide, phosphate groups

Question 62

redox reactions in cells usually involve the transfer of a _______ rather than just an electron

Answer 62

hydrogen atom

Question 63

NADH is the _________ form of NAD+

Answer 63

reduced

Question 64

NADH has _______________ than NAD+

Answer 64

more energy and electrons

Question 65

____________ may be RNA molecules

Answer 65

enzymes

Question 66

activation energy of a reaction begins reaction by using energy to ______________________

Answer 66

break existing chemical bonds of reactants

Question 67

Steps of an enzyme catalyzed reaction

Answer 67

1. substrate molecules bind to enzymes active site 2. unstable enzyme substrate complex is formed 3. enzyme and substrate undergo shape change known as induced fit 4. substrate converted into one or more products 5. Products released from enzyme 6. enzyme recycled

Question 68

enzymes typically denature at high or low pH because the _________ of their _______- are altered

Answer 68

ionic bonds; tertiary and quaternary

Question 69

cAMP regulates a kinase enzyme by

Answer 69

removing an allosteric inhibitor from kinase, thus activating it