LO6

Question 1

cell signaling includes four steps

Answer 1

1. signal transmission
2. reception
3. signal transduction
4. response

Question 2

when a cell sends a signal in the form of a chemical molecule (a hormone) to another cell

Answer 2

signal transmission

Question 3

when a target cell receives a chemical molecule

Answer 3

reception

Question 4

involves complex intracellular pathways that allow the signal to be processed internally

Answer 4

signal transduction

Question 5

the target cell’s ultimate response to the signal

Answer 5

response

Question 6

has a receptor that can bind with a specific signal molecule

Answer 6

target cell

Question 7

signal molecules are usually _____ and can’t cross the plasma membranes

Answer 7

hydrophilic

Question 8

cells synthesize and secrete signal molecules that are received by target cells

Answer 8

signal transmission

Question 9

steroid hormones are ______ and cant cross plasma membranes

Answer 9

hydrophobic

Question 10

protein hormones are ______ and cant cross plasma membranes

Answer 10

hydrophilic

Question 11

if the transmitting cell and target cell are not in close proximity, the signal molecule

Answer 11

must be transported

Question 12

signal molecule also known as a

Answer 12

ligand

Question 13

the receptor is usually an

Answer 13

integral plasma membrane protein

Question 14

receptors are synthesized and degraded by

Answer 14

lysosomes

Question 15

receptors for hydrophpic signal molecules are

Answer 15

intracellular in the cytosol or nucleus

Question 16

signal transduction is _____ to _____ signaling

Answer 16

extracellular to intracellular

Question 17

during ______ information carried by an extracellular signal molecule is converted into an intracellular signal

Answer 17

signal transduction

Question 18

intracellular domain of a receptor is altered due to

Answer 18

ligand binding

Question 19

activates a G protein activates the enzyme

Answer 19

adenylyl cyclase

Question 20

adenylyl cyclase catalyzes the formation of the

Answer 20

second messenger cAMP

Question 21

small molecules produced in large quantities that help relay and amplify the signal inside a cell

Answer 21

second messengers

Question 22

during the signal transduction process the signal is _______

Answer 22

amplified

Question 23

cAMP activates a

Answer 23

protein kinase

Question 24

enzymes that activate other proteins by phosphorylating them

Answer 24

kinases

Question 25

adding a P group

Answer 25

phosphorylating

Question 26

enzymes that remove P groups from proteins, typically deactivating them

Answer 26

phosphatases

Question 27

cholera is a disease caused by _________ cell signals

Answer 27

unterminated

Question 28

What happens when you have cholera

Answer 28

1. cholera toxin bind to G protein linked receptors 2. Results in the production of too many cAMP that activates too many protein kinases 3. kinases control chloride ion channel, allowing too many chloride ions to leave the cells 4. water follow by osmosis resultingi n severe diarrhea and dehydration

Question 29

motor neurons release the nuerotransmitter

Answer 29

acetylcholine(ACh)

Question 30

Binding opens Na+ channels which may result in

Answer 30

muscle contraction

Question 31

ion channels can

Answer 31

open or close

Question 32

enzyme activity may

Answer 32

be changed

Question 33

genes can be

Answer 33

activated or repressed

Question 34

binding activates enzymes that assemble

Answer 34

microfilament

Question 35

_____ hormones convey information to a target cell without crossing the plasma membrane of the target cell

Answer 35

protein

Question 36

_______ are receptor proteins that bind to DNA and regulate gene expression upon activation

Answer 36

transcription factors

Question 37

amplify a signal

Answer 37

second messengers

Question 38

_____ messengers are found inside a cell

Answer 38

second

Question 39

could be cAMP

Answer 39

second messengers

Question 40

________ domain transmits the signal to the inside of the cell

Answer 40

intracellular

Question 41

_______ domain for binding of the ligand

Answer 41

extracellular