Long term control of blood pressure

Question 1

what does regulation of blood pressure in the long term revolve around

Answer 1

blood volume

Question 2

what is it that effects blood pressure in the long-term

Answer 2

hormones

Question 3

what does not regulate blood pressure in the long term

Answer 3

arterial baroreceptors

Question 4

what are the main sensors of pressure in the long term regulation of blood pressure

Answer 4

the cardiopulmonary baroreceptors

Question 5

state 3 hormone systems that regulate blood pressure in the long term

Answer 5

the renin angiotensin aldosterone system
the vasopressin hormone system
the atrial natriuretic factor hormone system

Question 6

how does the renin angiotensin aldosterone system regulates blood pressure in the long term

Answer 6

angiotensin II is a hormone that causes arteriolar constriction
total peripheral resistance increases
the hormone aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption
the plasma volume increases

Question 7

describe how the hormone vasopressin regulates blood pressure in the long term

Answer 7

vasopressin is an antidiuretic hormone that causes arteriolar constriction
total peripheral resistance increases
water permeability of the collecting duct increases
plasma volume increases

Question 8

describe how the atrial natriuretic factor regulates blood pressure in the long term

Answer 8

it is a hormone that causes arteriolar dilation
total peripheral resistance decreases
sodium excretion increases
blood volume therefore decreases

Question 9

what is the kidneys response when blood pressure increases

Answer 9

extra water and salts are extracted into the urine, causing blood volume and pressure to fall, special nerve pathways mean the brain can also regulate urine production and hence influence blood pressure

Question 10

what does activation of the renin angiotensin aldosterone system cause in relation to the kidneys

Answer 10

it causes sodium retention by the kidneys to increase

which leads to reduced water loss into the urine and therefore blood volume expansion

Question 11

when does renin angiotensin aldosterone activation occur

Answer 11

during heart failure, which leads to fluid retention in the body

Question 12

the renin angiotensin system regulates blood pressure and fluid balance in the body - how does this relate to the kidneys

Answer 12

when blood volume or sodium levels in the body are low, or blood potassium is high, cells in the kidney release the enzyme renin

Question 13

what does the long term control of blood pressure resolve around

Answer 13

the control of plasma volume of the kidney

Question 14

what is long term control blood pressure not mediated by

Answer 14

the arterial baroreflex

Question 15

what are kidneys made up of

Answer 15

nephrons

Question 16

what is the juxtaglomerular

Answer 16

it is denoting a group of structures secreting regulatory hormones into the arteriole which leads into a glomerulus in the kidney

Question 17

where is renin secreted from

Answer 17

the juxtaglomerular kidney cells, which sense changes in renal perfusion pressure, via stretch receptors in the vascular walls

Question 18

what also stimulates juxtaglomerular cells to release renin

Answer 18

signalling from the macula densa

Question 19

what is the role of the angio tennis converting enzyme

Answer 19

it converts the hormone angiotensin 1 to the active vasoconstrictor angiotensin 2

Question 20

what is the role of the antidiuretic hormone

Answer 20

it acts to maintain blood pressure, blood volume and tissue water content through controlling the amount of water and hence the concentration of urine excreted by the kidneys

Question 21

how does the antidiuretic hormone help control blood pressure

Answer 21

by acting on the kidneys and the blood

Question 22

what secretes the atrial natriuretic peptide hormone

Answer 22

myocytes of the cardiac atria

Question 23

what does the atrial natriuretic peptide hormone promote

Answer 23

salt and water excretion and lowers blood pressure

Question 24

what are the main physiological actions of natriuretic peptides

Answer 24

reduce arterial pressure by decreasing blood volume and systemic vascular resistance

Question 25

what is Goldblatt kidney

Answer 25

it is a condition of the kidney in which a constriction of the renal artery causes renal ischaemia and the release of renin which would cause hypertension

Question 26

what does long term control of blood pressure revolve around if it is not mediated by the arterial baroreflex

Answer 26

the control of plasma by the kidney, effectively how much plasma you are squeezing into the cardiovascular system

Question 27

what does high plasma volume relate to

Answer 27

high blood pressure

Question 28

what does low plasma volume relate to

Answer 28

low blood pressure

Question 29

what are the 3 hormone systems that the kidney listens to

Answer 29

the renin angiotensin aldosterone system the antidiuretic factor - the vasopressin hormone the atrial and brain natriuretic peptides

Question 30

state 5 functions of the kidneys

Answer 30

``` excretion of waste products maintenance of ion balance regulation of p regulation of osmolarity regulation of plasma volume ```

Question 31

what is used to regulate mean arterial pressure in relation to the kidneys

Answer 31

it is the kidney's regulation and control of plasma volume that is used to regulate mean arterial pressure

Question 32

what does the control over sodium transport by the kidneys determine

Answer 32

the osmotic gradient

Question 33

what does the control over the permeability of the collecting duct to water by the kidneys determine

Answer 33

whether the water is following to the osmotic gradient or not

Question 34

what does the kidney modulation of sodium transport affect

Answer 34

the osmotic gradient

Question 35

what does the kidneys making the collecting duct very permeable to water result in

Answer 35

lots of water reabsorption little urine conservation of plasma volume

Question 36

what does the kidneys making the collecting duct very impermeable to water result in

Answer 36

little reabsorption lots of urine reduction in plasma volume

Question 37

where does renin come from?

Answer 37

the juxtaglomerular of the kidney - the granule cells

Question 38

state 3 things that trigger renin production

Answer 38

activation of sympathetic nerves to the juxtaglomerular apparatus the renal baroreflex decreased delivery of sodium and/or chlorine through the tubule

Question 39

what is the role of renin

Answer 39

the enzyme converts inactive angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1, angiotensin 1 is then converted by the angiotensin converting enzyme to angiotensin 2

Question 40

what synthesises the antidiuretic hormone

Answer 40

the hypothalamus

Question 41

what releases the antidiuretic hormone

Answer 41

the posterior pituitary

Question 42

what does antidiuretic hormone release result in

Answer 42

decrease in blood volume increase in osmolarity of interstitial fluid circulating angiotensin II

Question 43

what is the role of cardiopulmonary baroreceptors in relation to hormone release

Answer 43

they sense a decrease in blood pressure resulting in antidiuretic hormone release

Question 44

what is the role of osmoreceptors in relation to hormone release

Answer 44

osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus sense an increase in osmolarity of the interstitial fluid resulting in antidiuretic hormone release

Question 45

what is the role of the circulating angiotensin 2 hormone in relation to antidiuretic hormone release

Answer 45

the renin angiotensin aldosterone system results in the circulatory hormone angiotensin 2 which results in antidiuretic hormone release

Question 46

what is the role of the antidiuretic hormone

Answer 46

``` increase in permeability of the collecting duct to water reduction of diuresis increase in plasma volume causes vasoconstriction increases in mean arterial pressure ```

Question 47

what is another name for the antidiuretic hormone

Answer 47

vasopressin

Question 48

where is the atrial natriuretic peptide produced and released from

Answer 48

myocardial cells in the atria

Question 49

where is the brain natriuretic peptide produced and released from

Answer 49

myocardial cells in the ventricles

Question 50

what triggers the release of atrial natriuretic peptides

Answer 50

increased distension of the atria

Question 51

what triggers the release of brain natriuretic peptides

Answer 51

increased distension of ventricles

Question 52

what is the roles of the atrial and brain natriuretic peptides

Answer 52

increase sodium excretion inhibition of the release of renin to act on medullary cardiovascular centres to reduce mean arterial pressure

Question 53

describe plasma volume in space

Answer 53

sustained residence in space fools the cardiopulmonary baroreceptors that there is high plasma volume, in space these cardiopulmonary baroreceptors trigger a reduction in plasma volume

Question 54

state 5 drug treatments for hypertension

Answer 54

``` calcium channel blockers beta adrenoceptor antagonists thiazide diuretics angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors angiotensin 2 antagonists ```