Pathophysiology of Congestion & Oedema

Question 1

what is oedema often a symptom of

Answer 1

an underlying health condition

Question 2

oedema can occur as a result of the following condition or treatments

Answer 2

pregnancy
kidney disease
heart failure
chronic lung disease
thyroid disease
liver disease
malnutrition
medication - in particular medication for hypertension
the contraceptive pill

Question 3

what are 2 most common causes for oedema in the legs

Answer 3

immobility

standing for long periods

Question 4

what are other possible causes for oedema

Answer 4

a blood clot
severe varicose veins
a leg injury
leg surgery
burns to the skin

Question 5

basically describe congestive heart failure

Answer 5

when your heart muscle doesn’t pump blood as well as it should

Question 6

what is congestive heart failure

Answer 6

it is heart failure in which the heart is unable to maintain adequate circulation of blood in the tissues of the body

Question 7

describe congestive heart failure

Answer 7

it is heart failure in which the heart is unable to pump out the venous blood returned to it by the venous circulation

Question 8

state congestive heart failure drugs

Answer 8

angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors

vasodilators are another option if you cannot tolerate ACE inhibitors

Question 9

describe ACE inhibitors as a drug for congestive heart failure

Answer 9

these drugs open up narrowed blood vessels to improve blood flow

Question 10

what is vascular congestion

Answer 10

it is the engorgement of an entity, such as the blood vessels of the erectile tissues, with blood

Question 11

what is vascular congestion known to occur with

Answer 11

deep vein thrombosis

Question 12

what causes vascular congestion

Answer 12

there is no apparent cause

Question 13

what is vascular congestion also called

Answer 13

idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension

Question 14

what causes pulmonary arterial hypertension

Answer 14

lung disease
autoimmune disease
heart failure

Question 15

what is exudate

Answer 15

it is a mass of cells and fluid that has seeped out of blood vessels or an organ

Question 16

when does exudate occur

Answer 16

it occurs especially in inflammation

Question 17

what is transudate

Answer 17

it is a filtrate of blood

Question 18

what is transudate due to

Answer 18

increased pressure in the veins and capillaries that forces fluid through the vessel walls or to a low level of protein in blood serum

Question 19

where does transudate accumulate

Answer 19

it accumulates in tissues outside the blood vessels and causes oedmea

Question 20

what is the starling equation

Answer 20

it is an equation that illustrates the role of hydrostatic and oncotic forces in the movement of fluid across capillary membranes

Question 21

what are the 3 processes that capillary fluid movement may occur as a result of

Answer 21

diffusion
filtration
pinocytosis

Question 22

what is pinocytosis

Answer 22

it is the ingestion of liquid into a cell by the bounding of small vesicles from the cell membrane

Question 23

what does congestion refer to

Answer 23

the relative excess of blood in vessels of tissue or organ

Question 24

what is a clinical pathology example of local acute congestion

Answer 24

deep vein thrombosis

Question 25

what is a clinical pathology example of local chronic congestion

Answer 25

hepatic cirrhosis

Question 26

what is a clinical pathology example of generalised acute congestion

Answer 26

congestive cardiac failure

Question 27

what does hepatic cirrhosis result from

Answer 27

serious liver damage

Question 28

what does the regretting liver form in hepatic cirrhosis

Answer 28

nodules of hepatocytes with intervening fibrosis

Question 29

basically describe congestive heart failure

Answer 29

it is when the heart is unable to clear blood, right and left ventricles are ineffective at pumping blood

Question 30

state the pathophysiology of congestive cardiac failure

Answer 30

cardiac output decreases the amount of fluid in the body increases the fluid in veins increases

Question 31

how is fluid overload in veins treated

Answer 31

diuretics

Question 32

what is the effects of congestive cardiac failure

Answer 32

``` the heart cannot clear blood from ventricles back pressure blood dammed back in veins pulmonary oedema left heart failure tachycardia central venous congestion right heart failure increased JVP etc. ```

Question 33

state 3 components that affect net flux and filtration in microcirculation

Answer 33

hydrostatic pressure oncotic pressure permeability characteristics and area of endothelium

Question 34

what is oedema

Answer 34

accumulation of abnormal amounts of fluid in the extravascular compartment

Question 35

what is peripheral oedema

Answer 35

increased interstitial fluid in tissues

Question 36

what are effusions

Answer 36

fluid collections in body cavities

Question 37

what is normal fluid flux in reference to oedema

Answer 37

it is a complex dynamic balance across the endothelial membrane

Question 38

what can upsetting any of the starling forces lead to

Answer 38

oedema