Lopez- Eye

Question 1

what eye

Answer 1

patient’s L eye

Question 2

Answer 2

diabetic retinopathy

Question 3

caused by tiny clumps or strands of gel-like collagen fibers in vitreous humor; clumps cast shadows on retina

Answer 3

floaters

Question 4

leading cause of blindness in working-age adults

Answer 4

diabetic retinopathy

Question 5

risk factors:
poor glycemic control
HTN
dyslipidemia

Answer 5

diabetic retinopathy

Question 6

in ______ diabetic retinopathy, retinal ischemia stimulates release of VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor)

Answer 6

proliferative diabetic retinopathy

Question 7

due to capillary leakage and occlusion; microaneurysms and cotton wool spots and dot-blot hemorrhages seen

Answer 7

nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy

Question 8

white, fluffy lesions on retina caused by blockage or reduced perfusion in retinal arterioles; damaging ganglion cells and accumulation of proteins in nerve fiber layer

Answer 8

cotton-wool spots

Question 9

chronic retinal ischemia triggering VEGF overexpression; neovascularization and fibrous tissue growth (increases risk of retinal detachment)

Answer 9

proliferative diabetic retinopathy

Question 10

microaneurysms
hemorrhage

Answer 10

nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy

Question 11

retinal hemorrhages
cotton-wool spots
hard exudates

Answer 11

proliferative diabetic retinopathy

Question 12

Answer 12

retinal detachment

Question 13

Flashes of light in the peripheral field of the left eye

Answer 13

photopsia

Question 14

Dark specks moving across his field of vision.

Answer 14

floaters

Question 15

A progressive shadow (“curtain”) in the upper portion of his left visual field

Answer 15

field loss

Question 16

______is the separation of the neurosensory retina from the underlying retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), leading to progressive vision loss and potential blindness if untreated

Answer 16

retinal detachment

Question 17

a retinal tear or break referred to as ___

Answer 17

rhegma

Question 18

due to retinal tear, fibrous tissue tungs retina off, or subretinal fluid from tumors/inflammation

Answer 18

pathophys of retinal detachment

Question 19

Answer 19

retinal detachment

Question 20

The detachment interrupts the connection between the retina and its blood supply (choroid), leading to ischemia and _____ death

Answer 20

photoreceptor

Question 21

Answer 21

retinal detachment

Question 22

Answer 22

C

Question 23

what causes increase in VEGF during proliferative diabetic retinopathy

Answer 23

chronic hyperglycemia causes capillary damage and then ischemia

Question 24

peripheral vision loss

Answer 24

retinitis pigmentosa

Question 25

_____ help us see at night

Answer 25

rods

Question 26

rare genetic disorder that involves the degeneration of the retina

Answer 26

Retinitis Pigmentosa

Question 27

Usually presents in adolescence or young adulthood; mutations in photoreceptor proteins (rods)

Answer 27

Retinitis Pigmentosa

Question 28

central vision loss drusen

Answer 28

age-related macular degeneration

Question 29

Answer 29

metamorphopsia

Question 30

most common cause of blindness in this country age>65, smoking, caucasian, FH, poor diet

Answer 30

age-related macular degeneration

Question 31

yellowish extracellular deposits of lipids and proteins that accumulate between the Bruch’s membrane (part of the choroid) and the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)

Answer 31

drusen

Question 32

due to accumulation of drusen and photoreceptor loss (cones)

Answer 32

dry age-related macular degeneration

Question 33

due to choroidal neovascularization vascular leakage and hemorrhage fibrosis and scar formation

Answer 33

wet age-related macular degeneration

Question 34

Chronic hypoxia and inflammation stimulate the release of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), promoting the growth of abnormal, fragile blood vessels from the choroid through Bruch’s membrane into the retina

Answer 34

choroidal neovascularization

Question 35

detects metamorphopsia

Answer 35

Amsler grid

Question 36

drusen accumulation around macula

Answer 36

dry age-related macular degeneration

Question 37

hemorrhage central vision loss drusen

Answer 37

wet age-related macular degeneration

Question 38

Answer 38

central retinal artery occlusion

Question 39

Answer 39

central retinal vein occlusion

Question 40

usually due to embolism (by Afib) acute ischemia of retina due due to artery occlusion

Answer 40

retinal artery occlusion

Question 41

painless sudden monocular vision loss cherry red spot on macula

Answer 41

retinal artery occlusion

Question 42

due to venous stasis or compression thrombus in central retinal vein

Answer 42

central retinal vein occlusion

Question 43

hypercoagulable states can increase risk for this

Answer 43

central retinal vein occlusion

Question 44

"blood and thunder retina" painless, sudden monocular vision loss

Answer 44

central retinal vein occlusion

Question 45

cherry red spot pale retina

Answer 45

central retinal artery occlusion

Question 46

"blood and thunder" appearance diffuse retinal hemorrhages

Answer 46

central retinal vein occlusion

Question 47

lysosomal storage disorder due to deficiency in beta-hexosaminidase A accumulation of gangliosides cherry red spot on macula

Answer 47

Tay-Sachs

Question 48

due to chronic effects of HTN

Answer 48

hypertensive retinopathy

Question 49

AV nicking!!!!! copper wiring hemorrhages cotton wool spots papilledema (in HTN emergency)

Answer 49

hypertensive retinopathy

Question 50

AV nicking and copper wiring

Answer 50

hypertensive retinopathy

Question 51

indicates malignant HTN

Answer 51

papilledema

Question 52

Answer 52

hypertensive retinopathy

Question 53

Answer 53

hypertensive retinopathy

Question 54

papilledema

Answer 54

malignant HTN

Question 55

Answer 55

retinoblastoma

Question 56

Most common primary intraocular malignant tumor in children, usually one eye

Answer 56

retinoblastoma

Question 57

caused by mutation in RB1 tumor suppressor gene

Answer 57

retinoblastoma

Question 58

Leukocoria (white pupillary reflex) Strabismus seen in child's eye

Answer 58

retinoblastoma

Question 59

"cat's eye reflex"

Answer 59

retinoblastoma

Question 60

calcifications and rosettes

Answer 60

retinoblastoma

Question 61

Flexner-Wintersteiner rosettes

Answer 61

retinoblastoma

Question 62

most common intraocular malignant neoplasm in adults

Answer 62

Uveal (choroid) melanomas

Question 63

Risk factors include caucasians with blue or green eyes, UV light exposure and dysplastic nevus syndrome

Answer 63

Uveal (choroid) melanomas

Question 64

Answer 64

Uveal nevus (eye freckle)

Question 65

Answer 65

Uveal (choroid) melanoma

Question 66

spindle-like cells

Answer 66

melanoma

Question 67

stain for melanoma

Answer 67

HMB-45

Question 68

swelling of optic disc

Answer 68

papilledema

Question 69

Most commonly due to increased CSF pressure transmitted to the optic nerve head by the CSF surrounding the optic nerve, can also be due to tumors within the optic nerve

Answer 69

papilledema

Question 70

Answer 70

pailledema

Question 71

_____ flow is from the ciliary body in the posterior chamber to the anterior chamber draining into the channel of Schlemm

Answer 71

aqueous humor

Question 72

caused by decreased drainage of aqueous humor through the channel of Schlemm

Answer 72

open-angle glaucoma

Question 73

caused by obstructed flow of aqueous humor and be acute causing severe pain and vision loss

Answer 73

close-angle glaucoma

Question 74

diffuse loss of ganglionic cells cupping of optic disc

Answer 74

glaucoma causing optic nerve damage

Question 75

retina is thin (loss of ganglionic cells) due to what

Answer 75

glaucoma

Question 76

opacification of the lens

Answer 76

cataract

Question 77

Risk factors include age, lifestyle choices, diabetes, trauma and infection (accumulation of stuff within the lens)

Answer 77

cataract

Question 78

Answer 78

B

Question 79

Answer 79

B

Question 80

Answer 80

A

Question 81

Answer 81

B