Lopez- control of motor vision and visual reflexes

Question 1

spastic hemiparesis in R upper and lower limb; + babinski sign
right-sided lower facial weakness
forehead movement preserved
unable to stand or walk

Pupillary Reflex: Rt eye: normal direct reflex, no consensual pupillary response. Lt eye: no direct but normal right consensual pupillary response. No convergence is present

Answer 1

lesion in the midbrain

Question 2

coordinated direction of both eyes to look at a specific point or follow a target

key function of oculomotor system

Answer 2

gaze

Question 3

Refers to higher-level centers in the brain responsible for planning and initiating eye movements

Answer 3

supranuclear control of eye movements

Question 4

Frontal Eye Fields (FEF)
Parietal Eye Fields (PEF)
Rostral Interstitial Nucleus of the Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus (riMLF)
Horizontal Gaze Center (Pontine)

Answer 4

supranuclear control of eye movements

Question 5

Oculomotor Nucleus (CN III)
Trochlear Nucleus (CN IV)
Abducens Nucleus (CN VI)
Vestibular Nuclei

Answer 5

nuclear control of eye movements

Question 6

Medial Rectus: Adduction (CN III).
Lateral Rectus: Abduction (CN VI).
Superior Rectus: Elevation (CN III).
Inferior Rectus: Depression (CN III).
Superior Oblique: Depression and intorsion (CN IV).
Inferior Oblique: Elevation and extorsion (CN III)

Answer 6

extraocular muscles for eye movements

Question 7

adduction of eye and innervated by CN III

Answer 7

medial rectus

Question 8

abduction of eye and innervated by CN VI

Answer 8

lateral rectus

Question 9

elevation of eye and innervated by CN III

Answer 9

superior rectus

Question 10

depression of eye and innervated by CN III

Answer 10

inferior rectus

Question 11

depression and intorsion of eye and innervated by CN IV

Answer 11

superior oblique

Question 12

elevation and extorsion of eye and innervated by CN III

Answer 12

inferior oblique

Question 13

recti muscles align to orbital axis and since it is pulled out, the eye needs to be slightly ___

Answer 13

adducted

Question 14

Keep a viewed object stable as the head is tilted side to side

Answer 14

intorsion and extortion

Question 15

primary muscle for extorsion (outward rotation)

Answer 15

inferior oblique

Question 16

secondary muscle for extorsion (outward rotation)

Answer 16

inferior rectus

Question 17

primary muscle for intorsion (inward rotation)

Answer 17

superior oblique

Question 18

secondary muscle for intorsion (inward rotation)

Answer 18

superior rectus

Question 19

2 main muscles for upward vertical eye movement

Answer 19

superior rectus and inferior oblique

Question 20

2 main muscles for downward eye movement

Answer 20

inferior rectus and superior oblique

Question 21

refer to the coordinated movement of both eyes in the same direction to focus on an object

Answer 21

conjugate movements

Question 22

Rapid, ballistic movements to shift gaze from one object to another.
Controlled by frontal eye fields (FEF) and superior colliculus

Answer 22

saccades

Question 23

slower movements that allow the eyes to follow moving targets [Parietal lobe]

Answer 23

smooth pursuit

Question 24

Both eyes move medially (toward the nose) to focus on a near object

Answer 24

convergence

Question 25

Both eyes move laterally (away from the nose) to focus on a far object

Answer 25

divergence

Question 26

_______ movements help maintain binocular vision and depth perception, adjusting the focus so that both eyes align properly on a target

Answer 26

vergence

Question 27

reflexive eye movement that stabilizes vision during head movements by adjusting the position of the eyes in the opposite direction of head movement. This ensures that the image remains steady on the retina, even when the head moves rapidly

Answer 27

Vestibulo-Ocular reflex (VOR)

Question 28

reflexive eye movement that allows the eyes to track a moving object smoothly and then quickly reset to the original position, ensuring continuous visual tracking of a moving scene (ex. Watching trees move past while riding in a car)

Answer 28

Optokinetic reflex

Question 29

The eyes smoothly track a moving object in one direction. This is controlled by the parietal-occipital visual cortex and the extraocular motor nuclei (CN III, IV, VI)

Answer 29

Slow phase (smooth pursuit) of optokinetic reflex

Question 30

Once the eyes reach their limit of movement, a rapid, jerky eye movement resets them to the original position. This phase is controlled by the brainstem gaze centers (PPRF - paramedian pontine reticular formation)

Answer 30

Fast phase (Saccade reset) of optokinetic reflex

Question 31

lies near the midline the rostral midbrain Somatic motor

Answer 31

oculomotor nucleus (red)

Question 32

Parasympathetic preganglionic fivers synapse in the ciliary ganglion Postganglionic motor neurons to ciliary and pupillary muscle

Answer 32

Edinger-Westphal nucleus (yellow)

Question 33

CN III

Answer 33

right by L internal carotid a.

Question 34

Somatic motor Innervates superior oblique muscle

Answer 34

CN IV trochlear

Question 35

Answer 35

caudal membrane

Question 36

Answer 36

trochlear n

Question 37

_____muscle (which depresses and intorts the eye) is weakened due to CN IV palsy

Answer 37

superior oblique muscle

Question 38

in CN IV palsy, the unopposed action of the ______ muscle elevates and extorts the eye.

Answer 38

inferior oblique

Question 39

As a result of _____, the affected eye (right eye in this case) rests in an abnormally high position (hypertropia) when looking straight ahead.

Answer 39

CN IV palsy

Question 40

________ away from the affected side (leftward tilt in this case) compensates for the lack of intorsion from the superior oblique muscle

Answer 40

tilting the head

Question 41

________slightly downward shifts the gaze into a position where the superior oblique muscle is less needed

Answer 41

tucking the chin

Question 42

This helps reduce the hypertropia and improves binocular vision in CN IV palsy

Answer 42

head tilt and chin tuck

Question 43

Affected eye fails to intort but the ____ help to compensate

Answer 43

head tilt

Question 44

Answer 44

CN IV palsy

Question 45

Answer 45

pons

Question 46

Somatic motor Innervates lateral rectus

Answer 46

Abducens (CN VI)

Question 47

CN VI

Answer 47

left and down of posterior part of internal carotid

Question 48

L eye cant move laterally or extort

Answer 48

CN VI affected

Question 49

coordinated movement of both eyes in the same direction

Answer 49

conjugate gaze

Question 50

cortical control, initiating eye movement (R_____) controls leftward gaze

Answer 50

frontal eye fields (FEF)

Question 51

parietal lobe, smooth pursuit movements for tracking moving objects

Answer 51

parietal eye fields (PEF)

Question 52

for descending signals of conjugate gaze to brainstem, ____ sends contralateral signals via the corticobulbar tract to the Paramedian Pontine Reticular Formation (PPRF), the horizontal gaze center in the brainstem

Answer 52

FEF (frontal eye field)

Question 53

key center in brainstem for horizontal gaze

Answer 53

Pons (paramedian pontine reticular formation)

Question 54

mechanism for horizontal gaze by the pons to move ipsilateral eye laterally

Answer 54

abducens nucleus (CN VI) gets signal from PPRF

Question 55

mechanism for horizontal gaze by the pons to move contralateral eye medially

Answer 55

oculomotor nucleus (CN III) gets signal from medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF)

Question 56

control contralateral frontal eye field

Answer 56

UMNs

Question 57

oculomotor nucleus and abducens nucleus controlled by

Answer 57

LMNs

Question 58

_____ gaze center in the pons (PPRF)

Answer 58

horizontal

Question 59

_____ gaze center in midbrain

Answer 59

vertical (rostral interstitial nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus----riMLF)

Question 60

control the movements of the lens and pupil and thus participate in the accommodation of vision

Answer 60

intrinsic muscles

Question 61

dilates pupil

Answer 61

dilator pupillae

Question 62

innervation by sympathetics T1 superior cervical ganglion

Answer 62

dilator pupillae

Question 63

constricts pupil

Answer 63

sphincter pupillae

Question 64

innervated by parasympathetic oculomotor n.; ciliary ganglion

Answer 64

sphincter pupillae

Question 65

rounds lens (accommodation for near vision)

Answer 65

ciliary muscle

Question 66

innervated by parasympathetic oculomotor n. and ciliary ganglion

Answer 66

ciliary muscle

Question 67

light shone in R eye elicits pupillary constriction in the same eye (direct response) and in opposite eye (consensual response)

Answer 67

pupillary light reflex

Question 68

refers to a condition where one eye shows a reduced or absent response to light

Answer 68

Marcus Gunn Pupil (relative afferent pupillary defect)

Question 69

optic neuritis or optic nerve compression can cause what

Answer 69

Marcus Gunn pupil

Question 70

central retinal artery or vein occlusion and retinal detachment can cause what

Answer 70

Marcus Gunn pupil

Question 71

condition characterized by a dilated pupil that reacts sluggishly to light but more strongly to near accommodation (unilateral dilated pupil)

Answer 71

Adies Pupil (Tonic pupil)

Question 72

Adie's pupil is caused by damage to _______(parasympathetic ganglion supplying the sphincter pupillae muscle). Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers regenerate abnormally, leading to tonic (slow) and aberrant pupil constriction

Answer 72

ciliary ganglion

Question 73

Interruption of the sympathetic pathway responsible for innervating the eye and facial structures

Answer 73

Horner's syndrome

Question 74

Pupil: Causes miosis (constricted pupil). Eyelid: Causes mild ptosis (drooping eyelid). Sweat Glands: Causes anhidrosis (loss of sweating) on the affected side of the face

Answer 74

Horner's syndrome

Question 75

Eye movements: When asked to look to the right: The right eye abducts normally with associated nystagmus. The left eye fails to adduct. When asked to look to the left: The left eye abducts normally with associated nystagmus. The right eye have difficulty adducting. Convergence is preserved

Answer 75

Internuclear opthalmoplegia

Question 76

Why would L eye be pulled laterally

Answer 76

oculomotor n injured and abducens unopposed

Question 77

contralateral weakness of body and face and ipsilateral eye pulled laterally

Answer 77

weber's syndrome

Question 78

diagonal movements up controlled by what

Answer 78

lateral rectus and superior rectus

Question 79

diagonal movements down controlled by what

Answer 79

lateral rectus and inferior rectus

Question 80

in and up (extort) eye movements controlled by what

Answer 80

medial rectus and inferior oblique

Question 81

in and down (intort) eye movements controlled by what

Answer 81

medial rectus and superior oblique