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NSB Biweekly 2 > Lopez- Visual Fields > Flashcards

Lopez- Visual Fields Flashcards

(103 cards)

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1
Q

3 main layers of the eye

A

outer (fibrous)
middle (vascular)
inner (neural)

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2
Q

2 parts of the outer (fibrous) layer

A

sclera
cornea

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3
Q

3 parts of middle (vascular) layer

A

(Uvea)
iris
ciliary body
choroid

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4
Q

what is in the inner (neural) layer

A

retina
contains photoreceptors (rods and cones) and neuronal layers

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5
Q

Highly vascular, nourishes the retina

A

choroid

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6
Q

Produces aqueous humor, lens accommodation

A

ciliary body

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7
Q

Controls pupil size

A

iris

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8
Q

Transparent anterior portion for light refraction

A

cornea

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9
Q

Tough, protective white coat

A

sclera

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10
Q

converts light into neural signals through optic nerve to brain for visual processing

A

neural layer

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11
Q

visual system steps

A

light to retina to optic nerve
optic nerve to optic chiasm to optic tracts
optic tracts to LGN to optic radiations to primary visual cortex

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12
Q

Pigmented cuboidal cells bound together by tight junctions that block the flow of plasma or ions.
Supplies the neural retina with nutrition in the form of glucose essential ions
it protects retinal photoreceptors potentially damaging levels of light

A

retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)

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13
Q

in the neural retina, absorb quanta of light (photons) and convert this input to an electrical signal

A

photoreceptors

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14
Q

in the neural retina, send the processed signal to the brain via optic nerve

A

ganglion cells

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15
Q

main 3 layers of neural retina

A

Photoreceptor cells

Bipolar cells

Ganglion cells

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16
Q

ON ___ cells depolarize in response to light

A

bipolar cells

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17
Q

OFF _____ cells depolarize in the absence of light

A

bipolar

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18
Q

explain rods in the darkness:

A

rhodopsin is inactive, cGMP high; depolarization (steady flow of Na+ into cell (dark current))

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19
Q

explain rods in light:

A

light activates rhodopsin, cGMP decreases, Na+ channels close and hyperpolarization happens (light goes downstream to neurons in retina)

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20
Q

photoreceptor cells for darkness and light

A

rods

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21
Q

photoreceptor cells dealing with color and visual acuity

A

cones

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22
Q

3 types of cones

A

red-L cones
green- M cones
blue- S cones

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23
Q

Concerned with details of image formation and receives input from rods and cones via synaptic relays through the layers of the retina
99% of all these cells

A

Type I ganglion cells

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24
Q

____ cells converge to form optic nerve

A

ganglion

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25
Situated at the posterior pole of the eye
macula
26
Thinner Inner retinal layer allowing more light to reach photoreceptors. Ensures high fidelity in light detection
Fovea
27
responsible for detecting colors and detailed and precise vision
Fovea
28
only type of photoreceptor found in fovea
cones
29
these photoreceptors provide dark/light and motion
rods
30
outermost layer of retina
retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)
31
L; R
L: macula and fovea R: optic disc and optic cup
32
where optic n. enters retina
optic disc
33
where optic n. exits the eye
optic cup
34
Normal cup-to-disc ratio: ≤
1/3rd
35
enlarged optic cup indicates____
glaucoma
36
Located temporal to the optic disc
macula
37
macula contains the _______for sharp central vision
fovea
38
drusen deposits seen in what pathology
age-related macular degeneration
39
AV nicking of retinal arteries and veins is seen in what pathology
hypertensive retinopathy
40
main blood supply to retina
central retinal artery and vein
41
When light enters the eye, it passes through the ____ and ____, which bend (refract) the light rays.
cornea and lens
42
The _______ensures that the light focuses onto the retina, forming a sharp image
bending
43
The lens acts like a ____ lens, flipping the image both vertically and horizontally
convex
44
Light from the upper visual field is focused onto the _____ retina
lower
45
Light from the lower visual field is focused onto the _____ retina
upper
46
light from the right visual field is projected onto the _____ hemiretina of each eye, and vice versa
left
47
A collection of neurons that coordinates the pupillary light reflex
pretectum
48
The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is a small group of neurons that influences light levels; regulates circadian rhythms
hypothalamus
49
Coordinates head and eye movements
superior colliculus
50
Comprised of axons from retinal ganglion cells across the entire retina
optic nerve
51
ganglionic axons converge at the _____, creating the blind spot due to the absence of photoreceptors
optic disc
52
optic nerve fibers are ____ within the nerve fiber layer of the retina
unmyelinated
53
optic nerve fibers are _____ by oligodendrocytes as they pass through the sclera, enhancing signal transmission
myelinated
54
Enclosed by dura and arachnoid mater, continuous with brain coverings
optic nerve
55
Bathed in cerebrospinal fluid within the subarachnoid space
optic nerve
56
which part of optic nerve is bathed in CSF
intraorbital space
57
Situated just rostral to the pituitary stalk. Area where the two optic nerves meet and partially cross
optic chiasm
58
Originate from the nasal (inner) halves of each retina and cross to the opposite side
nasal retina fibers
59
Originate from the temporal (outer) halves of each retina and remain on the same side
temporal retina fibers
60
visual information from the _____ visual field is processed by the right hemisphere and vice versa
Left
61
Arises from the optic chiasm after the crossing of nasal retina fibers. Each optic _____ carries information from the contralateral visual field of both eyes
optic tract
62
Transmits visual information to the lateral geniculate body (LGN) for further processing before reaching the visual cortex
optic tract
63
Located in the thalamus _____ as a major relay nucleus, segregating motion/form/color signals
lateral geniculate nucleus
64
layers 1 and 2 of LGN
Magnocellular layers
65
carry fast signals for motion and spatial information
Magnocellular layers (M)
66
layers 3-6 of LGN
Parvocellular layers
67
carry detailed signals for color and high-resolution vision
Parvocellular layers (P)
68
layer involved in blue-yellow color processing
konicellular layers (K)
69
primary relay station Transmits visual information from the optic tracts to the visual cortex (V1)
lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)
70
2 main fibers of optic radiation
superior and inferior
71
Carries information from the central visual field, which is critical for high-acuity vision (travels from parietal to occipital)
central bundle (superior fiber)
72
Carries visual information from the inferior visual field (superior retinal quadrants)
posterior bundle (superior fibers)
73
Carries visual information from the superior visual field (inferior retinal quadrants)
Meyer's Loop (anterior bundle) inferior fibers
74
Lesions in this bundle (e.g., temporal lobe stroke) result in a contralateral superior quadrantanopia ("pie in the sky" defect)
anterior bundle (meyer's loop)
75
Lies on either bank of the calcarine sulcus in the occipital lobe
primary visual cortex
76
The upper portions of the optic radiations project to the ____ bank of the calcarine fissure
superior
77
The inferior portion of the optic radiations terminate on the _____bank
lower
78
1-5
1. precuneus 2. occipitotemporal sulcus 3. cuneus 4. calcarine sulcus 5. lingual gyrus
79
conveying information about movement and gross spatial features
magnocellular layers pathway
80
carry fine spatial information [form] and color
parvocellular layers pathway
81
analyzing motion and spatial relationships between objects as well as between the body and visual stimuli (project to parieto-occipital association cortex)
dorsal pathways (of visual association cortex)
82
pathways that answer the question where?
dorsal pathways
83
analyzing form, with specific regions identifying colors, faces, letters, and other visual stimuli (project to occipito-temporal association cortex)
ventral pathways (of visual association cortex)
84
these pathways answer the question what?
ventral pathways
85
Central area visible to both eyes
binocular zone
86
_____ Monocular Zone: Seen only by the right eye. _____Monocular Zone: Seen only by the left eye
Right Left
87
The part of your vision that focuses directly on what you are looking at; primarily handled by the fovea
central vision
88
sharp and detailed vision rich color detection activities that use precise vision
central vision
89
The part of your vision that detects objects and movement outside the direct line of sight; managed by areas of retina surrounding fovea
peripheral vision
90
Enables you to perform tasks that require focus and precision
central vision
91
Helps you stay aware of your surroundings, enhancing safety and navigation by alerting you to movements and changes outside your immediate focus
peripheral vision
92
specific area in each eye's visual field where no image detection occurs
blind spot
93
This spot corresponds to the location on the retina where the optic nerve exits the eye to transmit visual information to the brain
blind spot
94
pre-chiasm lesion
monocular visual loss
95
chiasm lesion
bitemporal hemianopia (loss of temporal visual fields in both eyes)
96
retro-chiasm lesion (optic tract)
homonymous hemianopia (loss of the same side of the visual field in both eyes)
97
lesion? central scotoma
macula (macular degeneration)
98
lesion? left anopia
optic nerve
99
lesion? bitemporal hemianopia
optic chiasm
100
lesion? right homonymous hemianopia
optic tract
101
lesion? right upper quadrantanopia "pie in the sky"
left temporal lesion at Meyer's loop
102
lesion? right lower quadrantanopia
L parietal lesion at dorsal optic radiation
103
lesion? right hemianopia w/ macular sparing
PCA infarct at visual cortex

NSB Biweekly 2 (11 decks)

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