Pavlick- Basal Nuclei and Pathways

Question 1

basal nuclei structures

Answer 1

primary motor cortex
caudate
putamen
globus pallidus (internus and externus)
subthalamic nuclei
substantia nigra
VL of thalamus

Question 2

parts of basal nuclei that make up corpus striatum

Answer 2

caudate
putamen

Question 3

structures of basal ganglia that make up lentiform nucleus

Answer 3

putamen
Globus pallidus (internus and externus)

Question 4

involved with modulating voluntary movement and cognitive functions

Answer 4

basal nuclei

Question 5

structures involved in basal nuclei pathway that release glutamate

Answer 5

Question 6

structures involved in basal nuclei pathway that release GABA

Answer 6

Question 7

1, 2, 3, 4

Answer 7

1: caudate
2: putamen
3: globus pallidus externus
4: globus pallidus internus

Question 8

1, 2, 3, 4

Answer 8

1: caudate
2: putamen
3: globus pallidus externus
4: globus pallidus internus

Question 9

Process whereby an output is permitted by reducing the inhibitory effect on it (inhibiting the inhibitor)

Answer 9

disinhibition

Question 10

Answer 10

top: primary motor cortex (M1)
middle L: VL of thalamus
bottom L: putamen
top R: globus pallidus externus
middle R: globus pallidus internus
bottom R: subthalamic nucleus

Question 11

the GO pathway (direct pathway) is disinhibition of _____ of the thalamus

Answer 11

ventrolateral nucleus

Question 12

Answer 12

direct pathway (VL of thalamus disinhibited)

Question 13

NO-GO pathway (indirect) is disinhibition of _____

Answer 13

subthalamic nucleus

Question 14

Answer 14

indirect pathway (subthalamic nuclei disinhibited)

Question 15

produced by substantia nigra pars compacta

Answer 15

dopamine

Question 16

___ receptors in direct pathway—– excitatory

Answer 16

D1 (Gs)

Question 17

____ receptors in indirect pathway—-inhibitory

Answer 17

D2 (Gi)

Question 18

Where dopamine is produced

Answer 18

substantia nigra

Question 19

Answer 19

direct pathway (VL of thalamus releasing more glutamate)

Question 20

Answer 20

indirect pathway (VL of thalamus releasing less glutamate)

Question 21

net effect of both direct and indirect pathways that are happening at the same time

Answer 21

net cortical facilitation (movement)

Question 22

abnormal movement; can be categorized by speed and/or pattern

Answer 22

dyskinesia

Question 23

decrease or absence of movement

Answer 23

hypokinetic

Question 24

excess of movement

Answer 24

hyperkinetic

Question 25

unilateral wild flinging movements of the extremities

Answer 25

hemiballismus

Question 26

hemiballismus happens due to damage of the _______; contralateral lesion (effects contralateral muscle)

Answer 26

subthalamic nucleus

Question 27

what happens if you knockout signal at subthalamic nucleus (of indirect pathway)

Answer 27

excess movement due to VL of thalamus releasing more glutamate HEMIBALLISMUS

Question 28

autosomal dominant disorder characterized by degeneration of striatum (mostly _____)

Answer 28

caudate nucleus (Huntington's)

Question 29

genetic feature of codon repeat disorders that dictates an earlier age of onset in successive generations (seen in huntingtons)

Answer 29

anticipation

Question 30

CAG repeats on chromosome 4p responsible for transcribing ______protein

Answer 30

Huntington

Question 31

chorea (dance-like movements) cachexia (wasting syndrome) psychiatric sx's dementia

Answer 31

Huntington's disease

Question 32

Mean age of onset is 40 years with a disease duration of ~ 18 years

Answer 32

Huntington's disease

Question 33

Ages 5-15 most commonly affected with typical onset in adolescence

Answer 33

Sydenham's chorea

Question 34

can follow group A strep pharyngitis as part of _______

Answer 34

acute rheumatic heart disease (rheumatic fever)

Question 35

Pancarditis Migratory polyarthritis of large joints Erythema marginatum of skin sydenham's chorea

Answer 35

rheumatic fever

Question 36

Causes autoimmune attack on the basal nuclei

Answer 36

rheumatic fever

Question 37

type of dystonia which follows long-term use of dopaminergic antagonists

Answer 37

tardive dyskinesia

Question 38

antipsychotic or anti-emetic medications

Answer 38

dopaminergic antagonists

Question 39

Symptoms include rapid movements of mouth, tongue, and limbs

Answer 39

tardive dyskinesia

Question 40

~1/3 cases of ____continue even after discontinued use of offending medication

Answer 40

tardive dyskinesia

Question 41

Group of movement disorders which exhibit signs and symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease

Answer 41

Parkinsonisms

Question 42

primary parkinsonisms

Answer 42

PD atypical parkinsonisms (do not respond to PD meds)

Question 43

can be attributed to trauma, toxins, infections, or medications

Answer 43

secondary parkinsonisms

Question 44

characterized by loss of dopamine-producing neurons in substantia nigra

Answer 44

Parkinson's disease

Question 45

SMART-D sx's of PD

Answer 45

shuffling gait mask-like facies akinesia (bradykinesia) rigidity tremor (resting) dementia (may have lewy bodies)

Question 46

Answer 46

Lewy body (seen in dementia)

Question 47

"pill-rolling" tremor

Answer 47

Parkinson's disease

Question 48

resting tremor

Answer 48

PD

Question 49

hereditary disease causing insufficient copper metabolism

Answer 49

Wilson Disease

Question 50

Copper collects in brain, eye, and liver (cirrhosis)

Answer 50

Wilson Disease

Question 51

Wilson disease causes damage to ____

Answer 51

lentiform nucleus (putamen and globus pallidus)

Question 52

Answer 52

Kayser-Flesher ring seen in Wilson Disease

Question 53

K-F rings personality/mood changes in teens tremor (wing-beating) rigidity bradykinesia

Answer 53

Wilson disease

Question 54

putamen affected due to hand-sanitizer exposure and first batch of moon shine chemical production furnaces

Answer 54

methanol intoxication

Question 55

globus pallidus affected seen in colder months (fires, heaters, stoves)

Answer 55

carbon monoxide poisoning