Lower brain

Question 1

What connects the pons to the diecephalon?

Answer 1

midbrain

Question 2

One tract of the pair contains axons of motor neurons that conduct nerve impulses from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord. What is this tract known as?

Answer 2

corticospinal

Question 3

Where do the axons of the sensory neurons pass through?

Answer 3

From the medulla to the thalamus

Question 4

The tectum contains 2 pairs of rounded elevations collectively known as?

Answer 4

Quadrigemina

Question 5

What component of the posterior structures (passing through the mid brain) connects the 3rd ventricle to the 4th lower one?

Answer 5

cerebral aqueduct

Question 6

What are the differences btw the superior and inferior colliculi?

Answer 6

superior are reflex centers for visual stimuli and inferior are parts of the auditory pathway

Question 7

It coordinates pupillary reflexes and accomodation reflex. Also responsible for the involuntary turning of the eye. What is it?

Answer 7

superior colliculi

Question 8

relays impulses from hearing receptors to the thalamus and responsible for the startle reflex. What is it?

Answer 8

Inferior colliculi

Question 9

They are large darkly pigmented nuclei that release dopamine and their loss of neuron is associated with parkinson’s disease?

Answer 9

substantia nigra

Question 10

The rubrospinal tract originates from here and it helps coordinate muscular movements?

Answer 10

Red nuclei

Question 11

Which tract does the red nuclei work with to control large muscles of the shoulder and arm?

Answer 11

rubrospinal tract

Question 12

Does the reticular formation of the brainstem contain any white matter?

Answer 12

yes

Question 13

Does the reticular formation contain both the ascending sensory and ascending motor?

Answer 13

No, contains descending motor

Question 14

What is the main function of neurons that descend from the reticular formation?

Answer 14

regulate muscle tone

Question 15

What part of the reticular formation controls consciousness and participate in awakening from sleep using sensory axons?

Answer 15

Reticular activating system

Question 16

The portion of the brain that possesses the most amount of neurons is known as?

Answer 16

cerebellum

Question 17

The central of the cerebellum is known as vermis, the lateral lobes are the cerebellar hemispheres, what are surface ridges called?

Answer 17

folia (cerebellar cortex)

Question 18

Also referred to as the tree of life, what is the white matter of the cerebellum called?

Answer 18

arbor vitea

Question 19

What bundles of white matter conduct impulses btw the cerebellum and other parts of the brain?

Answer 19

cerebellar peduncles

Question 20

What is the difference btw cerebral peduncles and cerebellar peduncles?

Answer 20

cerebral peduncles are anterior structures that conduct impulses from the cerebrum to the spinal cord, medulla, and pons, while cerebellar peduncles are posterior structures.

Question 21

what are the functions of the cerebellum?

Answer 21

monitors motor movements (intention vs action), sends feedback to motor areas of the cerebral cortex, and regulates posture and balance

Question 22

if the anterior and posterior lobes of the cerebellum initiate skeletal muscle movements, what does the flucolonodular do?

Answer 22

equilibrium and balance

Question 23

What is ataxia?

Answer 23

inability to coordinate muscular movements due to cerebellar injuries or diseases

Question 24

uncoordinated speech muscles is a symptom of what?

Answer 24

ataxia

Question 25

What are the sub-components of the diencephalon?

Answer 25

Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus

Question 26

The 2 halves of the thalamus are connected across the 3rd ventricle by a bridge of gray matter known as what?

Answer 26

intermediate mass?

Question 27

It is the main relay station for most sensory impulses that reach primary sensory areas of the cerebral cortex, from the spinal cord, brain stem, or mid brain. What is it?

Answer 27

thalamus

Question 28

without the thalamus, which function of the brain will be affected?

Answer 28

regulation of autonomic activities and consciousness

Question 29

What is the thick band of white matter that separates thalamus and caudate nucleus from lentiform nucleus?

Answer 29

internal capsule

Question 30

what is referred to as the major regulator of homeostasis?

Answer 30

hypothalamus

Question 31

These serve as the relay stations for reflexes related to the sense of smell.

Answer 31

mammillary bodies

Question 32

What is the stalk of tuberal region that connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus?

Answer 32

Infundibulum

Question 33

It is also known as the bosses boss because it control the gland that controls the endocrine system

Answer 33

hypothalamus

Question 34

what controls the autonomic nervous system, regulates eating, and controls body temperature?

Answer 34

hypothalamus

Question 35

It is superior and posterior of the thalamus and comprises of the habenular nuclei and pineal gland. What is it?

Answer 35

eptithalamus

Question 36

which portion of the epithalamus is involved with olfaction and which is involved with melatonin?

Answer 36

habenuclar nuclei and pineal gland respectively

Question 37

what part of the brain is continuous with the spinal cord and are its sub-components?

Answer 37

brain stem; medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain

Question 38

which part of the brain is posterior of the brain stem?

Answer 38

cerebellum

Question 39

The largest part of the brain is the?

Answer 39

cerebrum

Question 40

what is the collective name for the 3 layers that line the brain?

Answer 40

cranial meninges

Question 41

Starting with the innermost, what are the layers of the cranial meninges?

Answer 41

pia mater, arachnoid mater, and dura mater

Question 42

What's the difference between the cranial dura mater and spinal dura mater?

Answer 42

cranial has 2 layers while spinal has 1 layer

Question 43

When is the external periosteal layer and internal meningeal layer not fused together?

Answer 43

when they seperate to enclose the dural venous sinuses that drain blood from the brain into the internal jugular vein

Question 44

Which tissue separates the two hemispheres of the cerebrum?

Answer 44

falx celebri

Question 45

Which tissue separates the two hemispheres of the cerebellum?

Answer 45

falx cerebelli

Question 46

Which tissue separates the cerebellum from the cerebrum?

Answer 46

tentorium cerebelli

Question 47

What is the source of the ATP synthesized by neurons in the brain?

Answer 47

glucose from blood circulation

Question 48

what protects the brain cells form harmful substances and pathogens?

Answer 48

blood-brain barrier

Question 49

what parts of the brain lack the blood-brain barrier?

Answer 49

pineal gland, pituitary gland, and hypothalamus

Question 50

What part of the brain controls vomiting and senses toxins in the blood?

Answer 50

area postrema of the 4th ventricle

Question 51

The BBB is made up of which components?

Answer 51

astrocyte foot processes and endothelial cells

Question 52

How does water-soluble and lipid soluble substances cross the BBB?

Answer 52

water-soluble (glucose) cross by active transport and lipid-soluble (oxygen, CO2, alcohol, & anesthetics) cross easily

Question 53

Substances like proteins can cross the BBB. T or F?

Answer 53

F

Question 54

What are the functions of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

Answer 54

Protect the brain & spinal cord against chemical & spinal injuries; carries chemical nutrients to neurons and neuroglia

Question 55

what membrane separates the first and second ventricles (lateral)

Answer 55

septum pellucidum

Question 56

which ventricle is surrounded by halves of the thymus?

Answer 56

3rd ventricle

Question 57

where is the 4th ventricle located?

Answer 57

Btw the brain stem and cerebellum

Question 58

It buoys the brain and provides optimal ionic composition. What is it?

Answer 58

CSF

Question 59

What has a network of capillaries covered by ependymal cells and produces CSF?

Answer 59

choroid plexuses

Question 60

After formation in the choroid plexuses of each lateral ventricle, which opening does CSF flow through to get to the 3rd ventricle?

Answer 60

interventricular foramina

Question 61

What part of the 3rd ventricle produces more CSF?

Answer 61

The roof

Question 62

Through what openings does CSF enter the subarachnoid space from the 4th ventricle?

Answer 62

2 lateral apertures, and a median aperture

Question 63

CSF is reabsorbed into the blood through?

Answer 63

arachnoid villi

Question 64

Excess CSF accumulation in the ventricles of the brain leads to?

Answer 64

hydrocephalus

Question 65

What happens to the head of a baby with hydrocephalus, whose fontanels has not yet closed?

Answer 65

It bulges

Question 66

The brain stem comprises of a network of interspersed gray and white matter called?

Answer 66

reticular formation

Question 67

Also known as the vital brain, this component regulates functions upon which life is most dependent on without voluntary action. What is it?

Answer 67

medulla

Question 68

Where does the medulla begin?

Answer 68

foramen magnum

Question 69

They are the bulges of white matter on the anterior where the largest motor tracts pass form the cerebrum to the spinal cord. What are they?

Answer 69

The pyramids

Question 70

The corticospinal tracts are represented by?

Answer 70

The pyramids

Question 71

What is the term used to describe the crossing of left pyramid to the right and vice versa?

Answer 71

decussation of pyramids

Question 72

What are the masses of gray matter where neurons form synapses with one another in the medulla?

Answer 72

medullary nuclei

Question 73

In addition to regulating rate and force of the heartbeat, what else does the medullary neclei do?

Answer 73

adjusts the basic rhythm of breathing and promotes swallowing of food (deglutination)

Question 74

coughing, hiccupping, and sneezing are controlled by?

Answer 74

medullary nuclei

Question 75

what other nuclei types are the in the medullar?

Answer 75

gustatory (input from taste buds), cochlear (input from cochlea of the ear), and vestibular (input from the inner ear)

Question 76

Where does the inferior olivary nucleus relay to and from?

Answer 76

to the cerebellum from the cerebral cortex, red nucleus of the mid brain, and spinal cord propioceptors

Question 77

what is the shape and location of the olives?

Answer 77

oval and lateral to the pyramids

Question 78

Associated with touch conscious proprioception, ressure, and vibration, what are the posterior nucei?

Answer 78

Right and left gracile nucleus, and cuneate nucleus

Question 79

How does the first order sensory neurons ascend?

Answer 79

from the posterior column of dorsal root to the posterior nuclei of medulla

Question 80

How does the second-order neurons ascend?

Answer 80

from the posterior nuclei of the medulla to the thalamus through medial lemniscus

Question 81

The tracts of the posterior columns and axons of the medial lemniscus are collectively known as?

Answer 81

column-medial lemniscus pathway

Question 82

symptoms of injury to the medulla include?

Answer 82

paralysis, loss of sensation to the opposite side of the body, and irregular breathing or heart rate

Question 83

What part of the brain is also known as a bridge that connects one part of the brain with another?

Answer 83

Pons

Question 84

What is the function of pontine nucei?

Answer 84

They relay signals for voluntary movement form their origin in the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum

Question 85

They are bilateral clusters of nuclei that helps to control respiration with the medullary rhythmicity area. What are they?

Answer 85

pneumotaxic and apneustic area

Question 86

When the inspiratory center of the medullar is active, where does it generate impulses to?

Answer 86

external intercostal muscles

Question 87

The elastic recoil of the lungs and thoracic wall is associated with?

Answer 87

exhalation; lack of inspiratory impulses

Question 88

What coordinates the transition btw inhalation and exhalation?

Answer 88

Pneumotaxic ares turns off inspiratory area and apneustic area turns on inspiratory area

Question 89

Where does the vestibular and cochlear branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve end?

Answer 89

Vestibular branch ends in the vestibular nuclei of pons and cochlear branch ends in nuclei in medulla oblangata