ANS Neurotransmitters

Question 1

Which autonomic neuron releases acetycholine and which releases noradrenalin (norepinephrine)?

Answer 1

cholinergic produces ACh and adrenergic produces noradrenalin

Question 2

Where is ACh stored and how is it released?

Answer 2

It is stored in synaptic vesicles and released by exocytosis.

Question 3

How does ACh reach the cholinergic receptors to cause excitation or inhibition of the postsynaptic cell?

Answer 3

diffuses across the synaptic cleft

Question 4

Where is the location of the only sympathetic postganglionic neurons found among cholinergic neurons?

Answer 4

sweat glands

Question 5

What type of neurons make up the adrenergic neurons?

Answer 5

most sympathetic postganglionic neurons

Question 6

They are integral membrane proteins located in the plasma membrane of the postsynaptic neuron or effector cell. What are they?

Answer 6

neurotransmitter receptors

Question 7

What are the 2 types of cholinergic receptors and what distinguishes them?

Answer 7

Nicotinic (nicotine mimics ACh when it binds to it) and muscarinic (muscarine mimics ACh when it binds to it)

Question 8

Nicotine can activate muscarinic receptors. T or F?

Answer 8

F

Question 9

What inactivates ACh?

Answer 9

acetylcholinestrerase

Question 10

Which receptors causes the depolarization (excitation) of the postsynaptic cell?

Answer 10

nicotinic receptor and muscarinic receptor

Question 11

Which receptor causes the hyperpolarization(inhibition) of the postsynaptic cell?

Answer 11

muscarinic receptor

Question 12

What effect does the binding of ACh to the muscarinic receptors of smooth muscle sphincters in the gastrointestinal tract have?

Answer 12

Causes relaxation

Question 13

What effect does ACh have on the sphincter muscles of the eye?

Answer 13

contraction (miosis)

Question 14

What is the acronym for the result of activating muscarinic receptors and what do they mean?

Answer 14

DUMBELS

Defecation, Urination, Miosis, Bronchoconstriction, Emesis (vomiting), Lacrimation, Salivation

Question 15

Adrenergic receptors are activated by?

Answer 15

norepinephrine from sympathetic postganglionic neurons; epinephrine and norepinephrine released as hormones from adrenal medulla

Question 16

What are the 2 types of adrenergic receptors?

Answer 16

alpha and beta receptors

Question 17

Activation of which adrenergic receptors results in excitation?

Answer 17

alpha 1 and beta 1

Question 18

Activation of which adrenergic receptors results in inhibition?

Answer 18

alpha 2 and beta 2

Question 19

The activation of beta 3 adrenergic cells in brown adipose tissue causes?

Answer 19

thermogenesis

Question 20

Why does effects triggered by adrenergic neurons usually last longer than effects due to choligernic?

Answer 20

because norepinephrine lingers in the synaptic cleft longer than ACh

Question 21

How is norepinephrine inactivated?

Answer 21

reuptake by axon; COMT and MAO enzymes

Question 22

what is the substance that binds to a cell receptor to block agonists from binding to it?

Answer 22

antagonist

Question 23

Where are beta 1 receptors located, what binds to them and what blocks their effect?

Answer 23

heart; adrenalin; beta blockers

Question 24

Where are alpha 1 receptors located, what binds to them and what blocks their effect?

Answer 24

blood vessels of sympathetic target organs; adrenaline; alpha blockers

Question 25

Body organs usually receive dual innervation from both divisions of the ANS. T or F?

Answer 25

T

Question 26

The balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic activity of the ANS is known as?

Answer 26

autonomic tone

Question 27

Which part of the brain regulates autonomic tone?

Answer 27

hypothalamus

Question 28

If the postganglionic neurons release different neurotransmitters, what so the effector organs possess?

Answer 28

different adrenergic and cholinergic receptors

Question 29

What is the acronym for structures that only receive sympathetic innervation?

Answer 29

SKABAS (sweat glands, arrectores pilorum muscles, kidneys, adrenal glands, spleen, and blood vessels

Question 30

Which division dominates during physical and emotional stress and what are the Es of this division?

Answer 30

sympathetic division; exercise, excitement, emergency, embarrasement

Question 31

Where does constrictions occur during fight or flight response?

Answer 31

abdominal viscera; skin

Question 32

what happens to the airways and pupils during fight or flight?

Answer 32

dilate

Question 33

Blood glucose levels rise due to glycogenolysis by liver cells. T or F?

Answer 33

T

Question 34

why does sympathetic stimulation last longer than parasympathetic?

Answer 34

because acetycoline is quickly degraded while adrenaline has an extensive divergence of sympathetic postganglionic axons

Question 35

What is the acronym for parasympathetic response?

Answer 35

SLUDD; Salivation, Lacrimation, Urination, Defecation, Digestion

Question 36

The overall components of an autonomic reflex arc is not the same as a somatic reflex arc. T or F?

Answer 36

F

Question 37

The acronym for the component of the autonomic reflex arc is?

Answer 37

MISES; motor neurons, integrating center, sensory neuron, effector, sensory receptor

Question 38

The distal end of an autonomic reflex arc that responds to stimuli and produces changes is known as?

Answer 38

The receptor

Question 39

What conducts nerve impulses from receptors to the CNS?

Answer 39

sensory neurons

Question 40

Where are the cell bodies of viscera sensory neurons located?

Answer 40

sensory ganglia of associated cranial nerves and dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord

Question 41

Where would you find most integrating centers for relaying signals from sensory neurons to motor neurons?

Answer 41

hypothalamus and brain stem; fewer in the spinal cord

Question 42

which 2 motor neurons connect the CNS to the effector?

Answer 42

preganglionic and postganglionic neuron

Question 43

Which myelinated neuron conducts impulses from the CNS to an autonomic ganglion?

Answer 43

preganglionic neuron

Question 44

What are the effectors in an autonomic reflex?

Answer 44

smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

Question 45

The control and integration center which receives sensory input, provides output to autonomic centers of the brain stem and spinal cord, and connected to both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS, is known as?

Answer 45

hypothalamus

Question 46

polygraph testing relies on which autonomic responses to detect lies?

Answer 46

sweating, blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing rate

Question 47

It enables individuals to learn to exercise a degree of conscious control over the monitored parameter and has been found to be effective for treating headaches and migraine. What is it?

Answer 47

Biofeedback

Question 48

This condition is due to excessive sympathetic stimulation of smooth muscle in the arterioles of digits leading to lack of blood (ischemic) in those digits. What is it?

Answer 48

Raynaud disease

Question 49

Which anticholinergic drug blocks parasympathetic effects (such as salivation) and serves as an antidote for chemical warfare that inactivate acetylcholinesterase?

Answer 49

Atropine

Question 50

Which anticholinesterase drug is used to inhibit the enzyme cholinesterase preventing the breakdown of ACh and treating myasthenia gravis (impaired skeletal muscle)?

Answer 50

Neostigmine

Question 51

Tricyclic antidepressants help relieve depression by doing what?

Answer 51

prolong the activity of norepinephrine on the postsynaptic membrane

Question 52

How does MAO inhibitors help with relieving depression?

Answer 52

blocking MAO that inactivate norepinephrine released into synapses of postganglionic sympathetic division neurons