Lower Extremity Flashcards
(142 cards)
1
Q
3 cuneiforms
A
medial, intermediate, lateral
2
Q
what is the name of the sesamoid bone located in the posterior area of the knee in 3-5 % of the population?
A
fabella
only seen on laterals
3
Q
what is the kVp range for lower extremity exams for tabletop?
A
63-70
4
Q
mortise joint
A
ankle joint
5
Q
lewis and holly methods
A
tangential projection of the metatarsal head in profile and the seasamoids
6
Q
what is the second largest bone in the body?
A
tibia
7
Q
what does the weight-bearing ankle demonstrate?
A
narrowing joint spaces
8
Q
what are the two fibrocartilage disks of the knee called?
A
lateral and medial menisci
9
Q
when does ossification begin for the femur?
A
7th week of embryonic life
10
Q
what is the required thickness to determine the use of the free floating bucky or table bucky?
A
10-12 cm
11
Q
when the femur is vertical, what is the difference between the medial and lateral condyle?
A
medial condyle sits lower
12
Q
the 1st metatarsal associates with which cuneiform?
A
medial
13
Q
what is the measurement required for a 0 degree angle on a knee?
A
19-24cm
14
Q
osteomalacia (rickets)
A
softening of bones due to vitamin D deficiency
15
Q
Pott’s fracture
A
fx of lower fibula, occasional tibial involvement
16
Q
if the leg is too long to fit on the IR, what are other acceptable methods to image the leg?
A
two images must be made
17
Q
for the lateral projection of the ankle, where should the distal portion of the fibula be?
A
over the posterior half of the tibia
18
Q
jones fracture
A
avulsion fracture of the base of 5th metatarsal
19
Q
another name for Talus
A
astragalus
20
Q
sustenaculum tali
A
small shelf on medial surface of calcaneus
21
Q
how are vertical fractures of the patella demonstrated?
A
settegast method
22
Q
avulsion fx
A
piece of bone gets broken off
23
Q
what is the superior border of the patella called?
A
base
24
Q
which oblique of the foot is preferred and why?
A
medial
plane through metatarsals is more parallel to IR
25
what is the difference between how the AP oblique ankle is performed and how the AP obliqe mortise ankle is performed?
only rotate ankle 15-20 degrees medial for mortise
26
what is another name for the calcaneus?
os calcis
27
how many bones are there in the fooy?
26
28
hallux
big toe
29
which lateral of the foot is more routinely used and why?
regular lateral
more comfortable for patients
30
what is the function of the longitudinal arch of the foot?
a shock absorber
31
how many degrees and in which direction does the femur slant?
5-15 degrees medially
32
what is the largest sesamoid bone in the body?
patella
33
what is the beclere method?
patient lying supine, knee bent 60 degrees
34
what is the cup shaped socket that is formed by the ilium, pubis, and ischium?
acetabulum
35
which portion on the ilium is important and frequently used in radiography?
ASIS
36
secondary ossification center that forms the condyles, trochanters, and head of long bones
epiphysis
37
how many degrees do you rotate the foot for the oblique?
30 degrees
38
how is the PA patella performed?
patient in prone position, heel rotated 5-10 degrees laterally
39
what should be visible on a lateral foot x-ray?
sinus tarsi
40
what type of filter can be used to improve the image of the foot due to differences in thickness?
wedge-type
41
what tendon attaches the patella to the quadriceps muscle?
quadriceps tendon
42
where does the patella develop?
quadriceps femoris muscle
43
where does the patellar ligament lie?
between apex and tibial tuberosity
44
which exam demonstrates the longitudinal arch of the foot?
weight bearing
45
what is another name for the ankle joint?
ankle mortise/mortise joint
46
what must be done before performing a settegast?
RO transverse with a lateral projection
47
what attaches to the posterior tuberosity of the calcaneus?
achilles tendon
48
male pelvic floor includes
urethral and anal openings
49
female pelvic floor includes
vaginal, anal, and urethral openings
50
ischial tuberosity
posterior surface of lower end of ischium
51
cruciate ligaments
X shaped, prevent hyper flexion and extension of knee
52
intertrochanteric crest is on the _________ surface
posterior
53
inferior articular surface
smooth, 4 sided surface, joins with Talus to make ankle joint
54
what is the purpose of the pelvis?
base for the trunk and a girdle for the attachment of the lower limbs
55
what is happening when we use the post processing method of stitching and when is it used?
aligning multiple images to create one composite image
56
how to locate hip joint
palpating ASIS, pubic symphysis
midpoint between two
57
what tendon attaches the patella to the tibia?
patellar tendon
58
why do we rotate the feet medial for the AP pelvis?
to place femoral necks parallel with IR and reduce foreshortening
59
congenital hip dysplasia
malformation of the acetabulum, causing displacement of the femoral head
60
which surface of the ilium articulates with the sacrum?
auricular surface
61
the crus
the lower leg, tibia and fibula
62
what is the measurement for a 5 degree caudal angle for a knee?
less than 19cm
63
what is the measurement required for a 5 degree cephalad angle on a knee?
greater than 24 cm
64
what is the shin part of the tibia?
crest
65
what makes up the true pelvis?
pelvic brim
66
fibular notch
concave depression on lateral surface of the tibia
67
fibula
calf bone, helps form ankle joint
68
medial malleolus
on tibia, about 1/2 inch below level of ankle joint
69
in a seated position, on what part of the pelvis does the weight of the body rest on?
ischial tuberosities
70
osgood-schlatter disease
incomplete separation or avulsion of the tibial tuberosity
71
what is the camp-coventry method?
patient in prone position, femoral portion touching IR
72
os trigonum
small bone posterior to Talus that may mimic fracture
73
the 2nd metatarsal associates with which cuneiform?
intermediate
74
for which toes do you perform a medial oblique?
1st and 2nd
75
what is the kVp for lower extremity exams for the bucky?
81-87.5
76
what is the Holmblad method?
standing or kneeling, knee bent with tibial portion touching IR
77
which bone is located on the lateral side of the leg?
fibula
78
at what age does the patella develop?
3-5 years
79
which bone is the longest, strongest, and heaviest?
femur
80
the 4th and 5th metatarsal associate with which tarsal bone?
cuboid
81
why would we perform an AP axial projection of the toes vs the AP?
opens the joint spaces and reduces foreshortening
82
what are the functions of the menisci?
provide stability and act as a shock absorber
83
the 3rd metatarsal is associated with which cuneiform?
lateral
84
for which toes do you perform a lateral oblique?
3rd - 5th
85
how is the lateral patella performed?
patient in lateral recumbent, flex knee 5-10 degrees
86
what three bones join together to form the hip bone?
ilium, pubis, ischium
87
what are two other names for the hip bones?
os coxae, innominate bone
88
what makes up the false pelvis?
above pelvic brim
89
what are the two common fracture sites for elderly adults on the femur?
femoral neck and intertrochanteric crest
90
what are the four prominent projections on the ilium?
ASIS, AIIS, PSIS, PIIS
91
lateral malleolus
on fibula, extends 3/4 inch below ankle joint
92
popliteal surface
flat, smooth area on posterior surface of femur
93
intercondylar tubercles (tibial spines)
two points on eminence
attachment for cruciate ligaments
94
the tibia articulates with what?
femur, fibula, and Talus
95
how to locate femoral head
ASIS, pubic symphysis
1.5 inches distal to line
96
ischium
strongest part of hip bone
forms lower 2/5 acetabulum
inferior ramus and obturator foramen
97
what is another name for the danelius- miller method?
cross table, axiolateral
98
the Ala sits where in association to the vertebral column?
L3-4
99
the average femoral neck projects superiorly from the body at what angle?
20 degrees
100
ischial spine
process where fetal head must pass by
101
how would you perform the lateral femur if there is a possibility of a fracture?
cross table lateral
102
which bone forms the anterior 1/5 of the acetabulum?
pubis
103
in a wide pelvis, how does the position of the neck differ from the average pelvis?
angle is more narrow, neck is in a more horizontal position
104
the femur articulates with?
hip bones, tibia, patella
105
pubis
smallest of 3 bones
forms anterior 1/5 of acetabulum
body, inferior and superior ramus
106
what are the three borders on the ala of the ilium?
anterior, posterior, superior
107
the linea terminalis collectively forms the?
pelvic brim
108
intertrochanteric line is on the ___________ surface
anterior
109
how and why would you perform the Clements-Nakayama modification?
15 degree posterior angle
B hip fractures, B hip replacements, limitation
110
the obturator foramen is formed by the?
ischium and pubis
111
adductor tubercle
small prominence on medial surface of medial epicondyle of femur
112
small hole in the center of the femoral head
fovea capitis
113
eidge of bone that begins on the upper margins of the sacrum and extends to the upper margin of the symphysis pubis and forms a half cirlce on the inner surface of the pelvis
linea terminalis
114
what does the judet method demonstrate?
diagnosing fractures in the acetabulum
45 degree oblique
115
what does the Bridgman method demonstrate?
axial projection of pelvic ring
116
what does the lauenstein and hickey method demonstrate?
shows hip joint and the relationship of femoral head to acetabulum
117
the greater sciatic notch extends between the PIIS and?
ischial spine
118
what does the taylor method demonstrate?
superior/inferior rami without foreshortening
2inches distal to pubic symphysis
males: 20-35 cephalad
females: 30-45 degrees cephalad
119
what indicates the patient has no ruptured ligaments or other types of separations of the ankle?
inferior tibiotalar and talofibular articulations are not open
120
paget disease
chronic, metabolic disease of bone marked by weakened, deformed, and thickened bone that fractures easily
121
what is another name for the modified cleaves method?
AP oblique
122
the upper surface of the Talus that articulates with the tibia
trochlea
123
in the average adult, how many degrees does the neck of the femur project anteriorly? superiorly?
anteriorly = 15-20 degrees
superiorly = 120-130 degrees
124
the PIP and DIP joints are classified as ____________ hinge joints
diarthrodial
125
hallux valgus
buinion
126
trochlear groove
triangular area superior to intercondylar fossa
127
illium
largest of 3 bones
body and ala
128
how to locate femoral neck
2.5 inches distal to imaginary ASIS and pubic symphysis line
129
how many degrees from midsagittal do the sacroiliac joints angle?
25-30 degrees
130
which bones make up the pelvis?
two hip bones, sacrum, and coccyx
131
what images would be used to demonstrate congenital hip dislcoation?
central ray directed at pubic symphysis
45 degree cephalic angle, directed at pubic symphysis
132
apophysis
location of a growth plate with a muscle attachment
133
what marks the midpoint of the SI joints and are often visualized as back dimples?
PSIS
134
linea aspera
double ridge of bone that divides into two ridges to each condyle
135
which bones make up the pelvic girdle?
two hip bones
136
which tarsal bone articulates with the greatest number of tarsal bones?
navicular
137
located on the posterior surface of the femur is a prominent ridge of bone serving for the attachment of many of the muscles of the lower extremity, this process is called:
linea aspera
138
the majority of the greater or false pelvis is formed by all or part of the?
ilium
139
the protuberance normally felt on the lateral surface of the lower leg distal to the knee joint is the:
fibular head
140
the deep notch located on the posterior margin of the innominate bone between the posterior inferior iliac spine and the ischial spine is called the:
A greater sciatic notch
B pubic angle
C symphysis pubis
D ischial tuberosity
greater sciatic notch
141
in the average adult, the angle formed by the neck and shaft of the femur is about:
A 90 degrees
B 105 degrees
C 120 degrees
D 145 degrees
120 degrees
142
the cuboid bone articulates posteriorly with the:
A navicular
B talus
C calcaneus
D cuneiform
calcaneus
