Lower Limb Anatomy - Hard Version

Question 1

what is the femoral region

Answer 1

the thigh

Question 2

how many regions are there of the lower limb

Answer 2

6

Question 3

name the superficial muscles of the gluteal region

Answer 3

tensor fascia latae, gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, gluteus minimus

Question 4

function of the superficial muscles of the gluteal region

Answer 4

medially rotate, abduct and extend the thigh

Question 5

what is the innervation to the superficial muscles of the gluteal region

Answer 5

all superior gluteal except gluteus maximus; inferior gluteal

Question 6

what causes trendelenberg’s gait

Answer 6

damage to superior gluteal nerve

Question 7

name the deep muscles of the gluteal region

Answer 7

piriformis, obturator internus, gemelli and quadratus femoris

Question 8

what is the function of the deep muscles of the gluteal region

Answer 8

laterally rotate thigh, hip stabilisers

Question 9

what is the innervation of the deep muscles of the gluteal region

Answer 9

sacral plexus nerves

Question 10

how do nerves enter/leave the pelvis

Answer 10

greater sciatic foramen

Question 11

how do nerves enter/leave the perineum

Answer 11

lesser sciatic foramen

Question 12

what ligaments form the greater and lesser sciatic foraminae

Answer 12

sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments

Question 13

where is the sacrotuberous ligament

Answer 13

between ischial tuberosity and sacrum

Question 14

where is the sacrospinous ligament

Answer 14

between ischial spine and sacrum

Question 15

which quarter of the gluteal region is best for injections and why

Answer 15

upper lateral quarter since least likely to hit sciatic nerve

Question 16

which spinal nerves contribute to the sciatic nerve

Answer 16

L4-S3

Question 17

which spinal nerves contribute to the pudendal nerve

Answer 17

S2-S4

Question 18

which spinal nerves contribute to the posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh

Answer 18

S1-S3

Question 19

what is supplied by the sciatic nerve

Answer 19

posterior thigh, leg muscles, foot muscles, most of the skin

Question 20

what is supplied by the pudendal nerve

Answer 20

perineum

Question 21

what is supplied by the posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh

Answer 21

skin over posterior thigh, popliteal fossa, lateral perineum and upper medial thigh

Question 22

what are the names of the branches of the sciatic nerve

Answer 22

tibial division of the sciatic nerve and common fibular division of the sciatic nerve

Question 23

what is the other name or the common fibular division of the sciatic nerve

Answer 23

common perineal division of the sciatic nerve

Question 24

put in order of lateral to medial:

posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh, pudendal, sciatic

Answer 24

sciatic, posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh, pudendal

Question 25

where does the sciatic nerve exit the greater sciatic foramen

Answer 25

most lateral structure exiting, inferior to piriformis

Question 26

what is the arterial supply to the sciatic nerve

Answer 26

artery to the sciatic nerve

Question 27

where does the sciatic nerve bifurcate

Answer 27

posterior distal thigh

Question 28

what are the visual differences between the tibial nerve and the common fibular nerve

Answer 28

tibial nerve: larger, medial | common fibular: smaller, lateral

Question 29

what is the superior border of the femoral triangle

Answer 29

inguinal ligament

Question 30

what is the medial border of the femoral triangle

Answer 30

lateral border of adductor longus

Question 31

what is the lateral border of the femoral triangle

Answer 31

medial border of sartorius

Question 32

what is the floor of the femoral triangle

Answer 32

iliopsoas and pectineus

Question 33

what is the roof of the femoral triangle

Answer 33

fascia lata

Question 34

what are the contents of the femoral triangle and in what order from lateral to medial

Answer 34

femoral nerve, femoral artery, femoral vein, lymphatics

Question 35

where is the inguinal ligament

Answer 35

ASIS to pubic tubercle

Question 36

what is the inguinal ligament

Answer 36

thickened inferior edge of internal oblique aponeurosis

Question 37

what is the longest muscle in the body

Answer 37

sartorius

Question 38

what structure separates the muscle compartments of the leg and what is it composed of

Answer 38

intermuscular septum composed of deep fascia

Question 39

what procedure is used to treat acute compartment syndrome

Answer 39

fasciotomy

Question 40

name the compartments of the thigh

Answer 40

anterior, posterior, medial compartments

Question 41

name the compartments of the leg

Answer 41

anterior, posterior, lateral compartments

Question 42

commonalities with muscle compartments

Answer 42

generally similar actions and same nerve supply

Question 43

name the muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh

Answer 43

pectineus, iliopsoas, sartorius, quadriceps femoris

Question 44

what is the function of pectineus

Answer 44

flexes thigh

Question 45

what is the function of iliopsoas

Answer 45

flexes thigh

Question 46

what is the function of sartorius

Answer 46

flexes thigh

Question 47

what is the function of quadriceps femoris

Answer 47

extends leg

Question 48

what is the innervation to the muscles in the anterior compartment of the thigh

Answer 48

femoral nerve except psoas major of iliopsoas (supplied by anterior rami of L1,L2,L3)

Question 49

which spinal nerves contribute to the femoral nerve

Answer 49

L2, L3, L4

Question 50

name the muscles in the medial compartment of the thigh

Answer 50

``` adductor longus adductor brevis adductor magnus gracilis obturator externus ```

Question 51

what is the action of the muscles in the medial compartment of the thigh

Answer 51

adduct the thigh

Question 52

what is the motor supply the the muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh

Answer 52

obturator nerve except hamstring part of adductor magnus (tibial nerve)

Question 53

which spinal nerves contribute to the obturator nerve

Answer 53

L2, L3, L4

Question 54

name the muscles of the posterior compartment of the thigh

Answer 54

semitendinosus, semimembranosus, biceps femoris

Question 55

what is the action of the muscles of the posterior compartment of the thgigh

Answer 55

extend the thigh and flex the leg

Question 56

what is the innervation of the muscles of the posterior compartment of the thigh

Answer 56

tibial division of sciatic nerve except short head of biceps femoris (common fibular division of sciatic)

Question 57

what spinal nerves contribute to the tibial division of the spinal nerve

Answer 57

L5, S1, S2

Question 58

name the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg

Answer 58

tibialis anterior extensor digitorum longus extensor hallucis longus fibularis tertius

Question 59

what is the action of the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg

Answer 59

dorsiflex ankle & extend toes

Question 60

what is the supply to the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg

Answer 60

deep fibular nerve

Question 61

what spinal nerves contribute to the deep fibular division of the sciatic nerve

Answer 61

L4, L5

Question 62

name the muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg

Answer 62

fibularis longus | fibularis brevis

Question 63

what is the action of the muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg

Answer 63

evert foot & weakly plantarflex ankle

Question 64

what is the supply to the muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg

Answer 64

superficial fibular nerve

Question 65

what spinal nerves contribute to the superficial fibular division of the sciatic nerve

Answer 65

L5, S1, S2

Question 66

name the division of the common fibular nerve

Answer 66

superficial and deep fibular nerves

Question 67

name the muscles of the superficial group of the posterior compartment of the leg

Answer 67

gastrocnemius soleus plantaris

Question 68

name the muscles of the deep group of the posterior compartment of the leg

Answer 68

popliteus flexor hallucis longus flexor digitorum longus tibialis posterior

Question 69

what is the action of the superficial group of the posterior compartment of the leg

Answer 69

plantarflex ankle

Question 70

what is the supply to the superficial group of the posterior compartment of the leg

Answer 70

tibial nerve

Question 71

what is the action of the deep group of the posterior compartment of the leg

Answer 71

flex toes & plantarflex ankle

Question 72

what is the supply to the deep group of the posterior compartment of the leg

Answer 72

tibial nerve

Question 73

what part of the hip is involved in the hip joint

Answer 73

acetabulum

Question 74

what type of joint is the hip joint

Answer 74

synovial joint

Question 75

what are the possible movements of the hip joint

Answer 75

flexion-extension abduction-adduction medial-lateral rotation circumduction

Question 76

what are the components of the hip joint

Answer 76

joint capsule made of outer fibrous layer and inner membranous layer

Question 77

name the ligaments that strengthen the hip joint capsule

Answer 77

iliofemoral pubofemoral ischiofemoral

Question 78

what are the iliofemoral, pubofemoral and ischiofemoral ligaments formed of

Answer 78

fibrous layer of joint capsule

Question 79

what is the ligamentum teres

Answer 79

ligament that carries arterial supply to head of femur

Question 80

name the arteries involved in the blood supply to the hip joint

Answer 80

medial circumflex femoral artery lateral circumflex femoral artery artery to head of femur

Question 81

what artery does the medial circumflex femoral artery arise from

Answer 81

deep femoral artery

Question 82

what artery does the lateral circumflex femoral artery arise from

Answer 82

deep femoral artery

Question 83

what are names of the branches of the medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteries

Answer 83

retinacular arteries

Question 84

what artery does the artery to head of femur arise from

Answer 84

branch of obturator

Question 85

what is the connection between the medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteries

Answer 85

anastomose around head of femur

Question 86

what articulations are involved in the knee joint

Answer 86

2X femerotibial | 1X femeropatellar

Question 87

what type of joint is the knee joint

Answer 87

synovial

Question 88

what are the components of the knee joint

Answer 88

external fibrous layer and inner membraneous layer (bursae extensions)

Question 89

name the ligaments of the knee joint

Answer 89

``` posterior cruciate anterior cruciate medial menisci lateral menisci patellar ligament lateral collateral ligament medial collateral ligament ```

Question 90

what are the menisci made of

Answer 90

fibrocartilage

Question 91

what shape are the menisci

Answer 91

crescent shape

Question 92

which knee ligaments are intra-articular

Answer 92

anterior cruciate and posterior ligament

Question 93

does the anterior cruciate ligament go lateral to medial or medial to lateral

Answer 93

lateral to medial

Question 94

what is the supero-lateral border of the popliteal fossa

Answer 94

biceps femoris

Question 95

what is the supero-medial border of the popliteal fossa

Answer 95

semimembranosus

Question 96

what is the inferior border of the popliteal fossa

Answer 96

gastrocnemius

Question 97

what is the roof of the popliteal fossa

Answer 97

popliteal fascia

Question 98

what are the contents of the popliteal fossa

Answer 98

fat, small saphenous vein, popliteal vessels, tibial nerve, common fibular nerve

Question 99

what is the other name for the Achilles tendon

Answer 99

calcaneal tendon

Question 100

what forms the Achilles tendon

Answer 100

tendons of gastrocnemius and soleus

Question 101

where does the Achilles tendon attach

Answer 101

calcaneal tuberosity of the calcaneus

Question 102

how can you test the achilles tendon and what is the normal result

Answer 102

ankle jerk reflex, plantarflexion

Question 103

what nerves is the ankle jerk reflex testing

Answer 103

S1, S2 nerve roots

Question 104

where do superficial lymphatics of the lower lib drain

Answer 104

to superficial inguinal lymph nodes then external iliac lymph nodes