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Adults > lower respiratory (exam 1) > Flashcards

lower respiratory (exam 1) Flashcards

1
Q

what is the closure or collapse of alveoli

A

atelectasis

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2
Q

is atelectasis total or partial?

A

could be either

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3
Q

what kind of atelectasis is marked by distress, tachycardia, tachypnea, pleural pain, and cyanosis

A

acute

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4
Q

what kind of atelectasis is marked by increased infections distal to obstruction

A

chronic

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5
Q

risk factors for atelectasis?

A

-surgery
-immobile
-older

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6
Q

what is a late sign of atelectasis?

A

cyanosis

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7
Q

what are preventative interventions of atelectasis?

A

-early mobilization
-turns
-suction
-incentive spirometry
-deep breathe
-fluids

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8
Q

what is inflammation of the lung parenchyma caused by microorganisms

A

pneumonia

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9
Q

what is inflammation of 1 lung

A

pneumonitis

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10
Q

what is one of the most common causes of death in the US

A

pneumonia

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11
Q

what kind of pneumonia is acquired less than or equal to 48 hours after admission to the hospital

A

community acquired pneumonia

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12
Q

what kind of pneumonia is in non-hospital patients that have excessive healthcare contact

A

health care associated pneumonia

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13
Q

what kind of pneumonia is greater than or equal to 48 hours after admission to the hospital

A

hospital acquired pneumonia

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14
Q

what kind of pneumonia is greater than or equal to 48 hours after intubation

A

ventilator associated pneumonia

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15
Q

what kind of immunocompromised patients are at risk for pneumonia?

A

cancer, HIV, auto-immune, transplant, immuno-suppressed

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16
Q

what kind of pneumonia is when something from the outside gets in the airways

A

aspiration pneumonia

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17
Q

what are s/sx of pneumonia

A

-hypoxia
-fever
-orthopnea
-tired easily
-sputum

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18
Q

how to diagnose pneumonia

A

-clinical assessment
-sputum
-CXR
-bronchoscopy
-biopsy

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19
Q

treatment of pneumonia

A

antimicrobials

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20
Q

what are important prevention measures for pneumonia?

A

-influenza vaccine
-avoid pollutants/hazards
-MAINTAIN HYDRATION
-isolate infected persons
-WASH HANDS

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21
Q

what test tells us if theres clots

A

D-dimer

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22
Q

COVID-19 has _____ transmission

A

viral

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23
Q

COVID-19 has ___ WBCs, ___ lymphocytes, and ___ CRP and D-dimer

A

low, low, high

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24
Q

what are some complications from COVID-19?

A

pneumonia
-resp failure
-sepsis
-organ failure
-cardiac injury
-clots
-inflammation

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25
Q

what is a chronic and infectious

A

pulmonary tuberculosis

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26
Q

what other tissues can pulmonary tuberculosis spread to?

A

-meninges
-kidneys
-bones
-lymph nodes

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27
Q

what population is susceptible to mycobacterium tuberculosis

A

homeless

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28
Q

where should patients with TB be placed

A

-negative pressure room
-wear N95

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29
Q

some risk factors for TB

A

-close contact
-immunocompromised
-immigrating/traveling to/from places woth high TB
-overcrowded pop
-inadequate therapy/treatment

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30
Q

s/sx of TB

A

low grade fever
cough
night sweats
-fatigue
weight loss

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31
Q

how to tell if someone has TB

A

-being sus
-history
-rust colored sputum
-sputum culture
-CXR
-TB blood test

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32
Q

the mantoux TB test is an intradermal injection of ____

A

PPD (purified protein derivative)

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33
Q

a mantoux skin test is read ____ hours after injection

A

48-72

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34
Q

a positive mantoux skin test is____

A

hard (induration)

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35
Q

what do the measurements of TB skin tests mean?

A

10mm is if recent immigration, IV drug user, resident of high risk, or children
5mm if immunocompromised, HIV/AIDS, close contact, CXR backed

36
Q

what prophylactic TB med prevents neuritis (neuropathy)

A

isoniazid

37
Q

what are the 4 combo drugs to treat TB

A

INH, rifampin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol

38
Q

what combo TB med is hard on the liver, causes polyneuropathy, and can develop drug induced hepatitis

A

INH

39
Q

which combo TB drug causes red/orange secretion, need to monitor liver and drug-drug interactions

A

rifampin

40
Q

what combo TB med can cause joint pain, hyperuricemia, and hepatotoxicity, monitor uric acid/liver

A

pyrazinamide

41
Q

what combo TB med is very hard on the eyes, monitor vision, optic neuritis

A

ethambutol

42
Q

for TB, continue 2 drugs (_________ and _________) for _____ weeks

A

(INH and rifampin) for 4-7 weeks

43
Q

what is when the 2 lung linings stick, sharp pain, and sheering of lining

A

pleurisy

44
Q

what is when there’s extra fluid in the lung space, cant expand, and resp distress

A

pleural effusion

45
Q

how to treat pleural effusion

A

thoracentesis

46
Q

occurs when pleural space is exposed to positive pressure

A

pneumothorax

47
Q

air in the thoracic cavity from a pleural lining rip

A

pneumothorax

48
Q

what are the 2 causes of pneumothorax

A

-spontaneous/simple
-traumatic

49
Q

what are the 2 kinds of spontaneous/simple pneumothorax

A

primary (w/o underlying disease)
secondary (w/ underlying disease)

50
Q

what does traumatic pneumothorax come from

A

trauma and complications from procedures

51
Q

symptoms of pneumothorax

A

-SOB
-acute CP
-dec BP
-dec O2
-inc HR

52
Q

treatment of pneumothroax

A

needle decompression / chest tube

53
Q

creation of a surgical opening into the thoracic cavity

A

thoracotomy

54
Q

indications of a thoracotomy

A

-dx lung/chest disease
-obtain biopsy

55
Q

what is a wedge resection

A

used for diagnosis, taking a piece out to look

56
Q

what is the term for removal of a lung lobe

A

lobectomy

57
Q

what is the term for removal of a lung

A

pneumonectomy

58
Q

what is the removal of scar tissue

A

decortication

59
Q

what is important to assess before thoracic surgery

A

functional reserve

60
Q

what is placed in the pleural space to drain fluid, air, or blood

A

chest tubes

61
Q

chest tubes are placed in the ______ airway for air removal and the ______ airway for fluid or blood removal

A

upper, lower

62
Q

keep chest tubes _______ level of chest

A

below

63
Q

section _____ of the drainage system is the suction chamber with constant gentle bubbling

A

A

64
Q

how high is the water in section A of a drainage system

A

20 cm

65
Q

sections ___ and ___ should not bubble, when inhaling the water goes up, when exhaling the water goes down (THE WATER SEAL)

A

B and C

66
Q

section ___ of the drainage system is the drainage chamber

A

D

67
Q

complication from chest tubes?

A

-atelectasis
-infection
-air in pleural space

68
Q

what is the leading cause of cancer death and 2nd most common cancer in both men and women?

A

lung cancer

69
Q

____% of all new cancers are lung cancer

A

10-15

70
Q

lung cancer has _____ survival rates and no early diagnosis

A

low

71
Q

what are the 2 classifications of lung cancer

A

-small cell (SCLC)
-non-small cell large cell (NSCLC)

72
Q

___% of lung cancer is small cell and ____% is non small cell large cell

A

10-15
80-85

73
Q

what are the 2 types of non small cell large cell lung cancers

A

-squamous
-adenocarcinoma (most)

74
Q

risks for lung cancer

A

-cigarettes
-genetic
-environmental (gas, 2nd hand smoke, asbestos, workplace)

75
Q

dx of lung cancer

A

-CXR
-CT
-PET
-MRI
-biopsy

76
Q

90% of lung cancer starts at the _________

A

bronchial epithelium

77
Q

treatment for cure/palliation of lung cancer symptoms

A

-radiation
-surgery
-chemo
-palliative

78
Q

complication from lung cancer treatment

A

-resp failure
-vent dependency
-scarring
-pericarditis
-myelitis
-cor pulmonale (R sided HF)

79
Q

obstruction of the pulmonary artery or a branch by a clot from the venous system

A

pulmonary embolism (PE)

80
Q

what is associated with PEs

A

trauma, surgery, pregnancy, HF, immobility

81
Q

s/sx of PE

A

-dyspnea
-CP
-sudden pleuritic stabbing pain
-hemoptysis (blood cough)
-fear/anxiety

82
Q

dx of PE

A

-early rec
-assessment
-CXR
-ECG
-SpO2/ABGs

83
Q

treatment of PE

A

thinners, aPTT, INR

84
Q

what thinner affects aPTT

A

heparin

85
Q

what thinner affects INR

A

warfarin

Adults (35 decks)

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