M1. U1. RF. Flashcards
Biodiversity and classification of microorganisms. (149 cards)
1
Q
The system according to which ask living organisms are classified into monera, protista, fungi, plantae, animalia.
A
Five kingdom system.
2
Q
Organisms without a true nucleus.
A
Prokaryotes
3
Q
Organisms with a true nucleus.
A
Eukaryotes
4
Q
Microscopic forms of life (viruses, bacteria, fungi, protists)
A
Microorganisms
5
Q
Term for organisms causing disease.
A
Pathogens.
6
Q
Only characteristic of life seen in viruses.
A
Reproduction
7
Q
Virus that infects a bacterial cell.
A
Bacteriophage
8
Q
Characteristic of virus indicating it has no true nucleus, cytoplasm, or organelles.
A
Acellular
9
Q
Parasites like viruses that can only reproduce in living cells.
A
Obligate intracellular parasites
10
Q
Smallest and simplest living organisms.
A
Bacteria.
11
Q
Kingdom of bacteria
A
Monera.
12
Q
Bacteria that only live in the presence of oxygen
A
Aerobic bacteria
13
Q
Bacteria that can live in the absence of oxygen
A
Anaerobic bacteria.
14
Q
Four shapes of bacteria.
A
Rod (bacilli), spherical (cocci), spirals (spirilli), comma(vibrio)
15
Q
Mode of nutrition in bacteria where they produce their own organic substances by photosynthesis.
A
Autotrophic
16
Q
Type of heterotrophic bacteria that obtain their food from living organisms.
A
Parasitic bacteria
17
Q
Type of heterotrophic bacteria that obtain their food from dead organic matter.
A
Saprophytic bacteria.
18
Q
Type of heterotrophic bacteria that live in a symbiotic relationship with another organism where both benefit in the relationship.
A
Mutualistic bacteria
19
Q
Type of asexual reproduction that occurs in bacteria.
A
Binary fission
20
Q
Kingdom? Some, protozoans, water moulds, algae.
A
Protista.
21
Q
The way in which animal like protozoans ingest their food.
A
Phagocytosis
22
Q
The kingdom to which rhizopus (bread mould) belongs?
A
Fungi
23
Q
The mass of interwoven filaments which firm the vegetative body of Rhizopus.
A
Mycelium
24
Q
Characteristic of Rhizopus that indicates that no true roots, stems, or leaves can be distinguished.
A
Thallus
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Hyphae of Rhizopus that branch horizontally on the surface of the substrate.
Stolons
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Branches of the stolon of Rhizopus that penetrates the substrate and anchor the mycelium.
Rhizoids
27
A structure in which asexual spores develope.
Sporangium
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, disease caused by microorganism.
Infectious disease
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The most common opportunistic infection and cause of death of many HIV-positive patients
TB
30
a structure in which asexual spores develop
sporangium
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the phenomenon where hyphae have no cross walls
aseptate
32
a part of an organism that has many nuclei in a common cytoplasm without any cross walls
Coenocyte
33
the mode of life of a fungus that causes athlete's foot
parasitic fungus
34
process of asexual reproduction occurring in multicellular fungi
Spore formation
35
the first link of a food chain of which autotrophic bacteria form part
producers
36
process during which H2O CO2 ammonia and heat energy are released into the soil water and air and in which bacteria play a role
decomposition
37
nutrient cycle in which free living soil bacteria and nodule bacteria play a role
nitrogen cycle
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the group of bacteria which converts nitrites into nitrates
nitrifying bacteria
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the group of bacteria which converts ammonia and nitrates to free nitrogen in the atmosphere
Denitrifying bacteria
40
nitrogen fixing bacteria which live mutualistically in the root nodules of legumes
nodule bacteria
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bacteria which live mutualistically in the human gut and produce vitamin K
Escherichia coli
42
sexually transmitted disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus
AIDS
43
the immune cells in the human body infected by the HIV virus
CD4 cells
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conditions that attack the body when the immune system is weak
opportunistic infections
45
the final phase of HIV infection
AIDS
46
drugs that decrease the viral load and give the immune system a chance to recover
antiretroviral drugs
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an infectious disease caused by the bacterium mycobacterium tuberculosis
tuberculosis
48
the body fluid in which the bacteria of a TB infected person occurs
saliva
49
medication used to treat TB
antibiotics
50
vaccine against TB for babies given shortly after birth to provide immunity during childhood
BCG vaccine
51
phenomenon where TB bacteria do not respond to medication
drug-resistant TB bacteria
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bacteria that are even resistant to the medication used to treat mdr TB
extreme drug-resistant TB bacteria
53
a parasitic disease caused by protist of the genus plasmodium
malaria
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the insect responsible for the transmission of the parasite that causes malaria
female Anopheles mosquito
55
an organism usually an arthropod that transmits a pathogen from one host to another
vector
56
the Vector of the malaria parasite
female Anopheles mosquito
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the organ in the human body in which Malaria parasites multiply
liver
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a condition caused by the bursting of red blood cells during multiplication of the Malaria parasites
anaemia
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a condition which occurs when complications, e.g. cerebral damage, develop due to malaria
cerebral malaria
60
anti malaria drug drive from the back of the cinchona tree
Quinine
61
anti-malaria drug derived from a herb artemisia annua
Artemisinin
62
pesticide used successfully in the fight against malaria
DDT
63
an insecticide treated barrier which hangs from the ceiling and covers the entire bed used to keep out malaria infected mosquitoes
mosquito net
64
a fungal infection caused by Candida species
candidiasis or thrush
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part of the human body that is affected by Candida infection
mucous membranes or skin
66
when long-term antibiotics are used to this type of medication should be taken to replenish the beneficial bacteria in the alimentary canal
probiotics
67
the way in which a plant or animal protects itself from pathogenic viruses bacteria protists and fungi
immune response
68
the first line of defence in the absence of immunization against pathogens which enter the body
natural immunity
69
immune response occurring when pathogens penetrate the first line of natural immunity
acquired immunity response
70
blood cells which destroy pathogens during the acquired immune response
white blood cells or leukocytes
71
the only immune response occurring in plants
natural immune response
72
natural response in the body when the body temperature increases to prevent the multiplication and spread of pathogens
fever
73
two types of white blood cells which play a role in the active immune response
lymphocytes and phagocytes
74
two types of lymphocytes which play the most important role in the active immune response
B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes
75
structures formed by b lymphocytes which mock pathogens and cause them to agglutinate and burst
antibodies
76
the type of white blood cells that recognise and destroy the body's cells that are infected by a virus as the antibodies cannot reach the viruses within the host cells
t lymphocytes
77
white blood cells that engulf pathogens
phagocytes
78
process through which phagocytes engulf pathogens
phagocytosis
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the administration of a vaccine to develop immunity from the disease
immunisation
80
dead or weakened form of pathogens used during vaccination
vaccine
81
type of naturally acquired immunity obtained by antibodies transferred from mother to foetus through the placenta
passive
82
type of naturally acquired immunity obtained through contact with pathogens which stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies
Active
83
type of acquired immunity that only developed by deliberate actions like immunisation
artificial
84
chemical substances that destroy pathogenic bacteria
antibiotics
85
first antibiotic discovered by Alexander Fleming
penicillin
86
genetic changes that result in antibiotic resistant bacteria
mutation
87
process through which human insulin is synthetically produced by genetic engineering
recombinant DNA technology
88
the new DNA formed when a gene from the DNA of one organism is extracted and inserted into the DNA of another organism
recombinant DNA
89
enzymes used in the process of producing insulin to cut the plasmids of E coli bacteria
restriction enzymes
90
disease treated with insulin
diabetes mellitus
91
ancient ways in which living organisms were used to develop new products
traditional biotechnology
92
traditional process used in the production of beer wine and cheese
anaerobic respiration or fermentation
93
Classify monera according to its cell structure
prokaryotes
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Classify kingdom protista according to its cell structure
eukaryotes
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Classify kingdom fungi according to its cell structure
eukaryotes
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Classify kingdom plantae according to its cell structure
eukaryotes
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Classify kingdom animalia according to its cell structure
eukaryotes
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characteristics of prokaryotes
* no true nucleus
* DNA free in cytoplasm
* no membrane bound organelles
99
characteristics of eukaryotes
* true nucleus
* DNA occurs in nucleus
* has membrane bound organelles
100
Are viruses pro- or eukaryotes?
neither. They are acellular
101
Viruses are a.k.a. :
obligate intracellular parasites
102
viruses produce by:
... converting the host cell's genetic material into viral nucleic acid
103
The three groups that make up protists
* protozoa
* algae
* slime/ water moulds
104
protozoa
* animal like
* heterotrophic
* unicellular
* eg. amoeba, paracemium, plasmodium
105
algae
* plant like
* uni/multicellular
* autotrophic
* eg. algae
106
slime/ water moulds
* fungus like
* multicellular
* heterotrophic
107
protozoa ingest their food by:
phagocytosis
108
mosts protists reproduce by:
binary fission
109
Two groups of fungi:
* macro- and microscopic
110
3 types of hyphae:
* stolons - horizontal
* rhizoids - penetrate substrate
* sporangiophore - vertical
111
reproduction in fungi
* unicellular - binary fission
* multicellular - asexually by spores - sexually by gametes
112
Micro-orgs as producers
* autotrophs produce their own organic material
* 1st link of food chain
* energy stored as carbs for next level
113
Role of micro-orgs in maintaining the environment and food web:
* producers
* decomposers
* nitrogen cycle
* maintain O2/CO2 balance
* symbiotic relationships
114
Micro-orgs as decomposers
* decompers, saprotrophs breakelements recycled in environment - available for plants down dead organic matter
* H2O, CO2, Ammonia(NH3) released during decomp
115
Micro-orgs in the Nitrogen cycle
* soil/bacteria convert free N (N2) to nitrates - accessible to plants
* ammonia released by decomp. bacteria processed by nitrifying bacteria into nitrites and then nitrates
* ammonia (NH3) and nitrates converted to N2 by denitrifying bacteria
116
Micro-orgs and the 02-CO2 balance
* autotrophs use C02 - release O2 during p/s.
* algae produces much of O2 in atmosphere
117
phytoplankton
autotrophic
118
zooplankton
heterotrophic
119
Micro-orgs in symbiotic relationships
* **Nitrogen-fixing bacteria :** nodule bacteria (N-fixing) live in legume root nodules. Turn N2 into nitrates for plant to absorb.receive carbs from plant.
* **Escherichia coli:** in human gut. produces vit-K (NB for blood clotting) and B. Receive nutrients and habitat.
120
Effect of HIV/AIDS on the human body
* CD4-cells decrease - weaken immune system
* 1st, no symptoms, followed by flu symptoms
* then infections, fever, sweat, diarrhoea
* oppurtunistic infections (TB, pneumonia, lymph cancer, neurological conditions)
* final phase - AIDS. normally death follows.
121
Effect of HIV/AIDS on families
* income, health, productivity
* orphans
* developmental impact
122
Effect of HIV/AIDS on SAn economy
* affects peeps in their most productive years
* decrease labour force
* decrease mining labour force and thus productivity
* cost of healthcare
123
treatment of HIV/AIDS
* **Antiretroviral drugs -** decrease viral load
* **strengthen immune system -** diet/vitamins
* **treat other infections**
124
TB affects the:
lungs
125
Effects of TB on the Human Body
* infects lungs
* cough blood
* fatigue
* sweats
* pains
126
Effects Of TB on families
* lose 6 months of work
* stigma
* infection of family
127
Treatment of TB
* antibiotics constantly
* counselling
128
effects of malaria on the human body
* the plasmodium moves into the liver to multiply
* then move to blood
* fever, headache, shivering, vomiting
* red blood cells burst
* brain damage - cerebral malaria
129
effects of malaria on the economy
* cause of poverty
* expensive treatment
130
treatment of malaria
* anti-malarial drugs
* quinine - bark of cinchona tree
* drug - artemisinin - herb Artemisia annua
131
conditions that cause Candida
* warm, moist
* excess use of anti-biotics - kills beneficial bacteria
* weakened immune system
* bad diet - high carbs and sugar
* high stress levels
132
effects of candida on the body
* vaginal fungal infection
* oral thrush
133
management/treatment of candida
* improve hygiene
* probiotics
* balanced diet
* manage stress
134
B-lympocytes
* have receptor proteins on surface - attach to antigen on pathogen
* receptor recognizes pathogen as foreign
* B-Ls multiply to that antigen
* these produce anti-bodies for plasma
* these bind to antigen of pathogen
* mark them, cause clumping, and bursting
135
T-Lymphocytes
* recognise, destroy virus infected cells
* virus hides in cell - unreachable for anti-bodies
* infected cells carry antigen
* T-L recognise, destroy cells by secreting chemicals
136
naturally acquired immunity
obtained without immunisation
137
immunisation
administration of a vaccine to develop immunity
138
vaccine
dead/weakened form of a pathogen - stimulates body's immune system to produce anti-bodies
139
passive naturally acquired immunity
antibodies transferred from mother to foetus or through milk
140
active naturally acquired immunity
direct contact with pathogen stimulates production of antibodies
141
artificially acquired immunity
develops through deliberate action
142
passive artificially acquired immunity
body injected with anti-bodies
143
active artificially acquired immunity
vaccination
144
production of antibiotics
* antib's destroy bacteria
* most obtained from moulds
* penicillin extracted from penicillium notatum
* most are semi-synthetic
145
working of antibiotics
* destroy bacterium structure - weaken wall, cell bursts
* inhibit bacterium metabolism
146
reasons for development of resistance to antibiotics
* incorrect prescription
* course uncompleted
* incorrect diagnosis
* unneccessary use
147
production of insulin
* segment of DNA extracted - placed in other org.
* newly formed DNA - recombinant DNA
* human insulin produced by bacteria
1. DNA from human for insulin production removed from pancreas
2. restriction enzymes cut DNA to isolate gene
3. E. coli used to produce
4. plasmids removed from E. coli
5. restriction enzymes cut plasmids
6. human gene inserted into plamid - help of DNA ligase
7. plasmid reforms with human recombinant DNA
8. then placed back in E.coli
9. E. coli accepts new gene - produces insulin
10. multiply, replicating insulin gene
11. many bacterium with desired genes
12. insulin is extracted
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