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M2. U5. RF. Flashcards

Excretion (120 cards)

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1
Q

3

A

66% water passively reabsorbed

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2
Q

Dialysis

A
  • blood leaves artery in arm to vein in same arm
  • add heparin - prevent clotting
  • blood circulates through tubes with selectively permeable walls
  • membranes keep protein and blood cells in
  • tubes make large SA
  • dialysis fluid - NB components of blood - flows opposite blood around tubes
  • counter-current system - max exchange of substance
  • excess substance in blood diffuses into dialysis fluid
  • dialysis fluid replenishes lacking blood components
  • steep concen. gradient for waste into fluid - needs replacing
  • blood circulates several times per 1 treatment
  • 6 hours
  • before re-entering body, blood filters to lose bubbles
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3
Q

12

A

urine

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4
Q

the second convoluted part of the renal tubule

A

distal convoluted tubule

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5
Q

the blood vessel which carries oxygenated blood rich in metabolic waste products to the kidney

A

renal artery

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6
Q

1

A

malpighian body

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7
Q

specialised cells with filtration slits out of which the inner wall of the bowman’s capsule consists

A

podocytes

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8
Q

C

A

medulla

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9
Q

the hormone which regulates the water content of the blood

A

ADH or antidiuretic hormone

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10
Q

13

A

medulla

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11
Q

the blood vessel that transports blood to the glomerulus

A

afferent arteriole

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12
Q

H

A

renal artery

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13
Q

8

A

H+

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14
Q

the process in the functioning of the kidney during which foreign substances are actively added to the filtrate

A

tubular excretion

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15
Q

6

A

descending limb of henle

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16
Q

6

A

water and salts reabsorbed

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17
Q

E

A

renal capsule

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18
Q

skin excretes:

A
  • sweat
  • excess water, salts, urea
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19
Q

the process in the functioning of the kidney during which glucose is reabsorbed into the bloodstream

A

tubular reabsorption

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20
Q

B

A

pyramid

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21
Q

4

A

branch of renal vein

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22
Q

9

A

loop of henle

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23
Q

5

A

left kidney

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24
Q

1

A

vena cava inferior

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25
6
proximal convoluted tubule
26
Homeostatic control of blood pH.
* regulate with distal convoluted tubule * too low: H+ ions secreted from blood. H+ ions thus leave blood, pH returns to normal * too high: fewer H+ ions secreted from blood.
27
11
impermeable to water
28
the hormone which regulates the concentration of sodium ions of the blood
aldosterone
29
adaptations of the proximal convoluted tubule for reabsorption
* long and convoluted - SA * peritubular cap. network surrounding renal tubule * lining cells contain mitochondria * also have microvilli
30
F
calyx
31
kidneys receive oxygenated blood from:
renal arteries.
32
4
glomerulus
33
2
efferent arteriole
34
9
distal convoluted tubule
35
renal pelvis
the renal calyces open into this.
36
Tube connecting the bladder to the kidneys
ureter
37
adaptations of the malpighian body for filtation.
* afferent wider than efferent * capillary network of glomerulus - large surface area * bowman's capsule c-shaped - large SA * endothelial layer of caps. * podocyte layer of bowman's capsule * endothelial layer has pores * podocytes have filtration slits
38
Homeostatic control of blood salt concentration.
* aldestorone from adrenal gland regulates blood salt concentration * too low: adrenal cortex secretes more aldestorone. more sodium reabsorbed into blood. blood sodium concentration increases - decreases in urine. * too high: less aldestorone. fewer sodium ions reabsorbed. blood sodium concentration decreases - more in urine.
39
9
K+
40
the part of the renal tubule which extends down into the medulla and forms a hairpin loop
loop of henle
41
3
afferent arteriole
42
external structure of the kidney.
* concave side faces vertebral column * hilum - renal artery and vein arrive and leave; ureter leaves * enclosed in fat
43
10
passive reabsorption of water
44
the first convoluted part of the renal tubule
proximal convoluted tubule
45
Kidney stones
* when nitrogenous waste and salts don't dissolve * solid crystals * can block ureter * can be broken by ultrasound waves * or surgery
46
the removal of metabolic waste from the body
excretion
47
1
glomerulus
48
the structural and functional units of the kidney
nephrons
49
12
cortex
50
G
ureter
51
the removal of undigested substances
egestion
52
liver and intestines excrete:
* liver excretes urea, bile * urea transported through blood to kidneys * bile pigments excreted as bile salts through faeces
53
the part of the kidney directly below the renal capsule
cortex
54
a chemical substance that resists pH changes
buffer
55
7
efferent arteriole
56
the sum total of all the chemical reactions that occur in a cell
metabolism
57
the widened region of the ureter into which the renal calyces open
renal pelvis
58
the Duct into which the distal renal tubules of a number of nephrons open
collecting duct
59
functions of the kidney
glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular excretion
60
Bilharzia
* schistosoma parasite * bleeding in gut or bladder * liver damage, renal failure, bladder cancer
61
1
wider afferent arteriole
62
12
peritubular capillary network
63
reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule
* gl, A-acids, water soluble vitamins - actively reabsorbed * mineral salts and fat soluble vitamins - actively reabsorbed * water passively reabsorbed by osmosis
64
renal cortex
Under capsule, red brown
65
4
water passively withdrawn by osmosis
66
the apex of each pyramid
renal papilla
67
a disease where the kidney is so damaged that it can no longer function
renal failure
68
4
glomerulus
69
renal capsule
Protective membrane around kidney.
70
1
gl., A-acids, water soluble vitamins fully reabsorbed
71
8
proximal convoluted tubule
72
excretory organs
kideys and bladder, liver and intestines, skin, lungs
73
medulla
Inner region of kidney. lighter. contains tubes which form pyramids facing the cortex
74
lungs excrete:
* CO2 * water vapour * heat
75
2
branch of renal artery
76
D
renal pelvis
77
the process in the functioning of the kidney that occurs in the malpighian body
glomerular filtration
78
5
bowman's capsule
79
a surgical procedure during which the diseased kidney other patient is removed and replaced with a healthy donor kidney
kidney transplant
80
the metabolic waste product that is formed in the liver from deamination of excess amino acids
urea
81
the structure on the end of the nephron consisting of the glomerulus and bowman's capsule
malpighian body
82
functions of kidney.
* excretion * osmoregulation * blood salt content * blood pH
83
the release of useful substances
secretion
84
the process whereby the blood of patients with renal failure is purified artificially by a kidney machine
dialysis
85
3
afferent arteriole
86
solid crystals that form in the kidneys from nitrogenous waste and mineral salts
renal stones
87
3
narrower efferent arteriole
88
13
ascending limb of henle
89
the connective tissue membrane which surrounds and protects each kidney
renal capsule
90
the blood vessel that transports blood away from the glomerulus
efferent arteriole
91
the blood vessel which carries deoxygenated blood minus waste products from the kidney
renal vein
92
5
bowman's capsule
93
2
right kidney
94
3
aorta
95
5
bowman's capsule
96
9
urethra
97
7
ureter
98
11
collecting duct
99
renal calyx
renal papilla opens into this
100
Renal failure
* disfunctional kidney * acute RF: sudden loss of use - injury, overdose * chronic RF: develops slowly. caused by diabetes/ high blood pressure. genetic * waste and water accumulate in body * possibly fatal
101
8
bladder
102
deoxygenated blood leaves the kidneys via the:
renal vein
103
A
cortex
104
10
collecting duct
105
7
final addition of creatinine and urea
106
11
ascending limb of henle
107
6
renal vein
108
Osmoregulation
* regulated by ADH (anti-diuretic hormone) * too low: osmoreceptors stimulated. more ADH secreted into blood. makes dis.con.tub. more permeable to water. more water reabsorbed. urine concentrates. also stimulate thirst. water content rises to normal. * too high: osmoreceptors not stimulated. less ADH secreted. dis.con.tub. less permeable to water. less water reabsorbed. urine less concentrated. water content lowers to normal.
109
renal papilla
The apex of each pyramid
110
14
duct of bellini
111
1
vena cava inferior
112
2
podocytes
113
Kidneys excrete:
* urine * excess water * mineral salts * nitrogenous wastes (urea, uric acid, creatinine)
114
8
loop of henle
115
6
squamous epithelium
116
7
descending limb of henle
117
5
Na+ ions actively pumped out
118
a disease that is caused by the schistosoma parasite
bilharzia
119
2
mineral salts, fat soluble vitamins partially reabsorbed
120
4
renal artery

Bio Questions. (11 decks)

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