M2. U2. RF. Flashcards
Animal nutrition (129 cards)
1
Q
a round ball of chewed food that is pushed in the direction of the oesophagus during swallowing
A
food bolus
2
Q
functions of the pancreas
A
- secretes pancreatic juice and enzymes
- secretes insulin and glucagon
3
Q
8
A
ileum
4
Q
2
A
longitudinal muscles
5
Q
Stomach structure.
A
- sickle shaped organ below diaphragm
- thick, muscular wall
- opening to oes. closed with cardiac sphincter
- opening to small intest. closed with pyloric sphincter
6
Q
process in nutrition when food is taken in and enters the alimentary canal
A
ingestion
7
Q
process in nutrition when the end products of nutrition are absorbed into the bloodstream
A
absorption
8
Q
12
A
anus
9
Q
Absorption of water
A
- passive transport (osmosis)
- capillaries
10
Q
jejunum
A
middle part of small intest.
11
Q
the structures on the tongue that ensure that it can function as a taste organ
A
taste buds
12
Q
structures in the small intestine mainly responsible for the absorption of nutrients
A
Villi
13
Q
the harmful effect of excess alcohol on The Unborn foetus
A
foetal alcohol syndrome
14
Q
group of enzymes involved in the chemical digestion of proteins
A
proteases
15
Q
group of enzymes involved in the chemical digestion of carbohydrates
A
carbohydrases
16
Q
the maintenance of a constant internal environment in the body
A
homeostasis
17
Q
the three parts of the small intestine
A
duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
18
Q
A
19
Q
end product of protein digestion
A
amino acids
20
Q
5
A
duodenum
21
Q
Carnivore volume of food intake?
A
Low. Meat is high in protein and fat.
22
Q
a metabolic disease characterised by high glucose levels in the blood
A
diabetes mellitus
23
Q
Duodenum
A
- 1st part of small intest.
- connected to gall bladder, pancreatic duct
24
Q
process in nutrition when undigested remains are removed from the body
A
Egestion
25
the group of animals that feed only on animal material
carnivores
26
4
common bile duct
27
the three parts of the large intestine
Caecum colon rectum
28
a diet which contains all the necessary nutrients in the correct quantities
balanced diet
29
cells in the pancreas which secrete insulin and glucagon
Islets of Langerhans ( alpha and beta cells)
30
exocrine gland
excreted through ducts
31
Pharynx function.
passage for food and air from the mouth.
32
group of enzymes involved in the chemical digestion of fats
lipases
33
Stomach functions.
* muscles churn food to crush and mix with gastric juices
* glands secrete gastric juices
* food becomes chime
34
chemical digestion of fats
* pancreas, small intest.
* pancreatic and intestinal juices
* becomes glycerol, fatty acids
35
Chemical digestion of carbs
* carbohydrases
* mouth, pancreas, small intest.
* saliva, pancreatic and intestinal juice
* becomes glucose
36
9
appendix
37
5
duodenum
38
11
rectum
39
Carnivore teeth adaptations.
* incissors - sharp to bite
* canines - long. strong. pierce.kill. tear.
* pre / molars - sharp edges (cusps) to cut
40
medication used to treat diabetes
insulin
41
2
liver
42
nutrients mainly responsible for growth and repair of damaged tissues
proteins
43
3
circular muscles
44
chemical digestion of protein
* proteases
* tummy, pancreases
* becomes amino acids
45
the rhythmic contraction and relaxation of the muscles in the Wall of the alimentary canal that helps move the food particles forward
peristaltic movements
46
Homeostatic control of blood glucose levels
* HUSH
*
47
Three parts of the small intestine
* duodenum
* jejunum
* ileum
48
Absorption of glucose
* active transport
* blood capillaries
49
active and passive transport
against and down the concentration gradient respectively.
50
functions of the liver
* produce bile
* glucose converted to glycogen
* excess glucose becomes fat
* deamination: breaks down A. acids to form urea and glucose
* neutralises toxins
* stores vitamins
* prevents blood clotting
51
Herbivore alimentary canal structure.
* no true stomach
* long intestinal tract
* continuous eating
* long digestive system to digest cellulose
* large caecum ; holds cellulose-digesting bacteria
52
glucagon
hormone - increase blood glucose concen.
53
Absorption of minerals
* active and passive transport
* capillaries
54
Structure of a villus
* surrounded by columnar epithelial cells
* these hold goblet cells which secrete mucous
* microvilli
* in centre - the lacteal: a capillary lymph vessel
* arteriole brings blood to villus; forms cap. network around lacteal
* caps leave villus as a venule
55
7
liver
56
exocrine glands which released their secretion into the mouth cavity
salivary glands
57
type 2 diabetes
* insulin resistance
* result of obesity, inactivity, age
* treat with no fatness, exercise, medication/insulin
58
glands which release their secretions into the bloodstream from where it is transported to Target organs
endocrine glands
59
10
colon
60
Structure of the Mouth / mouth cavity.
* upper opening of the A canal
* surrounded by lips
* inside - mouth cavity
* lined with mucous membrane
* hard and soft palates
* uvula closes nasal cavity when swallowing
* tongue, teeth, salivary glands
61
Carnivore alimentary canal structure
* large true stomach
* short intestinal tract -can't digest plants
* sporadic feeding
* small functionless caecum
62
the part of the soft palate which closes the opening to the nasal cavity when swallowing
uvula
63
Accessory organs:
* tongue
* salivary organs
* pancreas
* liver
* gall bladder
64
the sphincter that closes the opening between the stomach and the small intestine
pyloric sphincter
65
Absorption of amino acids
* active transport
* blood capillaries
66
1
stomach
67
The alimentary canal contains the:
* mouth
* oesophagus
* stomach
* small and large intestines
* anus
68
Oesophagus structure.
* hollow, muscular tube
* from pharynx to stomach
* behind trachea
69
end products of fat digestion
glycerol and fatty acids
70
diabetes Type 1
* lack of insulin producing cells
* treat with diet, insulin injections, regular testing
71
nutrients which play a role in the regulation of processes in the body
vitamins water and mineral salts
72
hormone responsible for decreasing the glucose concentration in the blood
insulin
73
omnivore alimentary canal structure
* true stomach
* short intestinal tracts
* regular eating
* reduced caecum - appendix
* plants - slow digestion
* protein - fast digestion
* cellulose - fibre
74
a condition where a person suffers from malnutrition and eats excessively
over nutrition
75
Absorption of Glycerol and fatty acids
* passive transport
* lacteals
76
processing nutrition when food is changed from insoluble to soluble substances
digestion
77
6
pancreas
78
4
stomach
79
parts of the colon
* caecum - small structure at connection to small intest.
* colon - largest part of large intest.
* rectum - muscular. opens to anus
80
function of mouth cavity.
* receives food
* mechanical digestion
81
Herbivore teeth adaptations.
* incisors - sharp to cut
* canines - absent
* pre / molars - large and flat to grind
82
a psychological condition with regular periods of overeating followed by self induced vomiting
bulimia
83
symptoms of diabetes
* fatigue
* frequent urination
* hunger
* weight loss
* blurred vision
84
Human dental formula.
2123/2123 (ICPM)
85
the sphincter that closes the opening between the oesophagus and the stomach
cardiac sphincter
86
3
gall bladder
87
3
pancreatic duct
88
a condition where a person suffers from malnutrition and does not eat sufficient nutrients
undernutrition
89
1
oesophagus
90
1
serosa
91
process of chemical digestion during which insoluble molecules are broken down into soluble molecules by the addition of water
hydrolysis
92
4
submucosa
93
5
mucosa
94
hormone responsible to increase the glucose concentration in the blood
glucagon
95
glycogen
a carb - storage form of glucose in animals
96
muscular sac between the lobes of the liver which stores and releases bile
gallbladder
97
6
villus
98
blood vessel which transports absorbed nutrients to the liver
hepatic portal vein
99
a form of malnutrition due to a lack of protein in the diet
kwashiorkor
100
millions of finger like projections occurring on the mucosa of the wall of the small intestine
Villi
101
human dental formula
2123/2123
102
a psychological eating disorder where the person refuses to eat all the food is available
anorexia nervosa
103
2
pancreas
104
form in which glucose is stored in animals
glycogen
105
columnar epithelial cells that secrete mucus
goblet cells
106
Oesophagus function
pushes food with persistaltic movement
107
7
jejunum
108
endocrine glands
excrete directly into blood
109
Absorption of vitamins
* passive and active
* blood capillaries
110
The four layers of the small intestine wall.
* serous membrane
* muscle layer (longitudinal and circular)
* submucosa - blood vessels, nerves, glands
* mucosa - inner layer, many folds, villi
111
ileum
* last, longest part of small intest.
* joins to caecum of large intest.
* this connection closed by the ileo-caucal sphincter
112
glucose
building block of carbs
113
the group of animals that feed only on plant material
herbivores
114
a form of malnutrition due to a general lack of energy rich food in the diet
marasmus
115
largest gland in the human body where gall is produced
Liver
116
Pharynx (throat cavity) structure.
* connects from mouth cavity
* leads to oesophagus and trachea
* holds epiglottis (trachea lid)
117
a diet followed by people who belong to the Jewish face when meat and dairy products are prepared entirely separately
kosher
118
unit used to measure the energy value of food
kilojoules are kilocalories
119
the group of animals that feed on plant and animal matter
omnivores
120
nutrients mainly responsible for providing the cells with energy
carbohydrates and fats
121
Volume of Herbivore food intake?
Large volume - plants have low energy value.
122
type of diet when no meat chicken fish or any animal products are eaten
vegan
123
end product of carbohydrate digestion
glucose
124
process in nutrition when absorbed nutrients become part of the cells
assimilation
125
6
gall bladder
126
diabetes
* metabolic diseas
* absence of insulin
* body cells receive too little glucose to function
127
Small intestine functions
* mix chime with digestive juices
* glands in the walls secrete these juices
* increases surface area for absorption
128
a condition which develops when the body develops a defence mechanism against the harmless ingredient in food
food allergy
129
