M2. U4. RF. Flashcards
Gaseous exchange (83 cards)
1
Q
adaptations for GE in earthworms.
A
- whole skin forms GE surface
- diffusion
- thin skin, moist, large surface area
- O2 diffuses into blood
- skin protected by mucus and coelomic fluid
2
Q
respiratory system is made up of:
A
air passages, lungs, respiratory muscles
3
Q
muscles between consecutive ribs
A
intercostal muscles
4
Q
8
A
ribs
5
Q
adaptations for GE in dicotyledonous plants.
A
- in leaves
- gas diffuses through stomata in lower epedermis
- surface of spongy mesophyll cells
- large Surface area
- thin walls - moist for absorption of gases
- mesophyl cells have large interior air spaces for transport of gases
- protected inside leaves
6
Q
small flap that closes the opening to the trachea during swallowing
A
epiglottis
7
Q
the compound formed when carbon dioxide combines with haemoglobin when transported
A
carbaminohemoglobin
8
Q
the part of the human brain which contains the respiratory Centre
A
medulla oblongata
9
Q
vital capacity
A
total capacity + reserve volumes
10
Q
structures for gaseous exchange in fish
A
Gills
11
Q
single layer of squamous epithelium occurring in the walls of the capillary blood vessels
A
endothelium
12
Q
Lungs. internal structure.
A
- bronchi form bronchioles
- alveoli are thin - layer of squamus epithelium
- surrounded by capillaries
13
Q
3
A
exchange of O2 at tissues
14
Q
7
A
alveoli
15
Q
type of epithelium occurring in the walls of the alveoli
A
squamous epithelium
16
Q
A
17
Q
respiratory muscles
A
diaphragm. intercostals
18
Q
7
A
total lung capacity
19
Q
medication for the treatment of tuberculosis
A
antibiotics
20
Q
4
A
inhalation reserve volume
21
Q
Pharynx
A
- connected to nasal cavity
- leads to glottis and gullet
- mucous membrane
22
Q
The nasal cavity
A
- filter air
- lined with mucous membrane that hold ciliated columnar epithelial cells
- lined with capillaries - warms air
- goblet cells - trap dust. antiseptic. moisten air
23
Q
6
A
exchange of CO2 at alveoli
24
Q
2
A
transport of O2 to tissues
25
10
intercostals
26
bronchi and bronchiole
* trachea splits into bronchi
* lined with mucous membrane - opened with cartilage rings
* bronchi divide into bronchioles, which end in alveoli
27
PS still in the lungs after the full Xperia Tori Reserve volume has been exhaled
residual volume
28
player of the earthworms skin that is kept moist for effective gaseous exchange
epidermis
29
a trigger that sets off an allergic reaction for example hay fever
allergen
30
transport of 02 in the blood
* combines with haemoglobin - makes oxyhaemoglobin
* or dissolves into blood plasma
31
lung disease in which the walls of the alveoli tear and form holes as a result of excessive smoking
emphysema
32
trachea
* holds larynx - cartilage
* epiglottis -closes glottis
* walls strengthened by cartilage rings - allows oes. to expand for food
* mucous lining
* cilia sweep dust back
33
gaseous exchange surface in human lungs
alveoli
34
type of epithelium which lines the air passages
ciliated epithelium
35
Lungs. the external structure.
* lungs in chest - under ribs and intercostals
* spongy. elastic.
* surrounded by pleura
* fluid between pleara prevents friction
36
the structure at the top of the trachea that houses the vocal chords
larynx
37
cells in the leaf with a large surface area for gaseous exchange
spongy mesophyll cells
38
tidal volume
amount of air held in normal breathing
39
1
exchange of O2 at alveoli
40
asthma
allergic inflammation of air passages: causes narrowing
41
3
vital capacity
42
5
transport of CO2 to lungs
43
Dome shaped sheet of muscle which separates the chest and abdominal cavity
diaphragm
44
9
diaphragm
45
hay fever
allergic inflammation of nasal passages
46
the Machine responsible for artificial breathing
ventilator
47
2
pleura
48
the mechanical process whereby moves in and out of the lungs
breathing
49
the phase of breathing which is normally an active process
inhalation
50
double membrane surrounding the lungs
Pleura
51
Homeostatic control of breathing
* chemoreceptors in aorta sense changes in blood CO2 concentration
* CO2 increases: chemoreceptors send impulses to respiratory(R) and cardiovascular(C) centers, R stimulates faster breathing, C stimulates faster pumping of heart
* blood flows faster
* CO2 exhaled faster
* CO2 blood concentration normalises
52
adaptations for GE in locusts.
* GE happens through tracheole system (TS)
* air enters spiracles
* TS holds network of trachea
* thin walls, moist
* gases diffuse between the surface
53
1
trachea
54
emphysema
walls of alveoli tear.
55
adaptations for GE in bonefish.
* happens in gills
* made of many filaments wiyh large surface area
* thin walls, moist, supplied with capillaries
* water flows through filaments for gases to diffuse
56
4
exchange of CO2 at tissues
57
the normal amount of air breathed in and out
tidal volume
58
part of the medulla oblongata which controls the heart rate
cardiovascular Centre
59
the protein in blood which transports the bulk of oxygen
haemoglobin
60
4
bronchus
61
3
lung
62
5
bronchioli
63
adaptations for GE in mammals.
* lungs
* surface: alveoli
* thin walls - layer of squamus epithelium
* moist, surrounded by blood capillaries
* efficient ventilation obtained by displacement of other internal organs
* protected in chest and fluid
64
6
tidal volume
65
8
residual volume
66
5
exhalation reserve volume
67
transportation of CO2 in the blood.
* as bicarbonate ions
* carbahaemoglobin
* dissolves in blood plasma
68
bronchitis
inflammation of bronchi and mucous membranes
69
2
exhalation capacity
70
Effect of smoking on GE.
* ciggies contain nicotine, tar and CO
* cause arterial walls to harden
* stimulates secretion of adrenaline -increase blood pressure, heart rate, stroke
* tar paralyses cilia and accumulates
* emphysema
71
the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide across a gaseous exchange surface
gaseous exchange
72
extensive network of tubes through which gaseous exchange takes place in locusts
Tracheae
73
Inhalation
* diaphragm flattens
* thoracic cavity largens
* intercostals contract
* ribs lift
* abdominal muscles relax to accomodate organ displacement
* preesure around lungs decreases
* lungs expand
74
lung capacity
total volume of air lungs can hold
75
1
inhalation capacity
76
The air passages:
nasal passages, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioli
77
6
infundibulum
78
exhalation
* diaphragm relaxes
* thoracic cavity smallens
* intercostals relax
* ribs lower
* thoracic cavity reduces further
* pressure around lungs increases
* CO2 rich air leaves lungs
79
the gradual release of energy from organic compounds in the presence of oxygen
cellular respiration
80
the movement of molecules from a high concentration to a lower concentration until equilibrium is reached
diffusion
81
artificial respiration
* ventilator
* or resuscitation
82
lung cancer
uncontrolled growth of abnormal cellsin lung tissue.
83
the three harmful toxins found in cigarette smoke
nicotine tar and carbon monoxide
