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[LECT] CC 2 - Finals > [M5] Tumor Markers > Flashcards

[M5] Tumor Markers Flashcards

1
Q

is autonomous/uncontrolled proliferation of cells or uncontrolled cell growth

A

Cancer

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2
Q

Cells continuously produce/grow

A

Cancer

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3
Q

In ___________. they stop proliferation or cell division if the brain tells so

A

normal cells

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4
Q

Unlike in _________, the brain CAN NOT control the proliferation of tumor cells = _____________ (uncontrolled)

A

cancer cells
AUTONOMOUS

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5
Q

The continuous production/cell growth may lead to the formation of solid mass (_____/_________)

A

tumors/neoplasms

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6
Q

T/F: Tumor is cancer

A

FALSE; This is a very common misconception

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7
Q

STAGE OF CANCER

Localized primary malignant tumor

A

STAGE 1

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8
Q

STAGE OF CANCER

Already invades through the epithelium and blood vessels

A

STAGE 2

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9
Q

STAGE OF CANCER

Migrates through the lymph nodes

A

STAGE 3

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10
Q

STAGE OF CANCER

Metastasized into distant tissues

A

STAGE 4

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11
Q

Two types of tumors

A

Benign tumor
Malignant tumor

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12
Q

cells that proliferates autonomously localized on one side

A

Benign tumor

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13
Q

Non-cancerous tumors

A

Benign tumor

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14
Q

Examples of Benign tumor

A

Lung tumor
Skin tags

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15
Q

Naming for Benign tumor

A

cell type + suffix(-oma)

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16
Q

can invade other cells/tissue

A

Malignant tumor

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17
Q

Cancerous tumors

A

Malignant tumor

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18
Q

Can cause destruction of ___________

A

MALIGNNANT TUMOR

adjacent cells

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19
Q

Invasion of cancer cells to other parts of the body is called _______________

A

MALIGNNANT TUMOR

metastasis

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20
Q

Malignant cancers are capable of the process called ___________

A

angiogenesis.

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21
Q

formation/generation (suffix)

A

Genesis

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22
Q

Cancer cells are capable of forming their own ___________

A

blood vessels.

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23
Q

This is where the cancer cells pass through to spread/metastasize

A

Blood vessels that the cancer cells formed on their own

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24
Q

Substances of different natures

A

Tumor markers

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25
Q

Tumor markers are either produced by:

A

Tumor/Cancer cell itself
Healthy cells adjacent to the tumor cells

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26
Q

the production of tumor markers as an effect by the tumor cells

A

Healthy cells adjacent to the tumor cells

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27
Q

T/F: Tumor markers are a useful diagnostic tool for cancer

A

FALSE;

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28
Q

T/F: High tumor marker doesn’t necessarily mean that you have a specific cancer.

A

TRUE

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29
Q

USES OF TUMOR MARKERS

A

Differentiate tumor tissues from normal tissues
Detects presence of tumor
Predicts prognosis
Monitors therapeutic response
Detects tumor recurrence

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30
Q

Tumor markers are used to detect presence of tumor; however, detection of tumor has a (specific/limited) diagnostic value

A

LIMITED

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31
Q

T/F: Majority of tumor markers are non sensitive/non-specific

A

TRUE

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32
Q

even though non-malignant tumor is present, it can (inc/dec) tumor markers

A

increased

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33
Q

Examples of non-malignant tumor that can increase tumor markers

A

Infection

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34
Q

Tumor markers can be (inc/dec) in benign conditions

A

Increased

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35
Q

Tumor marker levels reflect the _________ of the tumor.

A

PREDICTS PROGNOSIS

aggressiveness

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36
Q

↑TM = (inc/dec) aggressiveness

A

increased

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37
Q

Several tumor markers present can indicate a particular ________

A

PREDICTS PROGNOSIS

therapy

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38
Q

What are the two cell receptors

A

Estrogen receptor
Progesterone receptor

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39
Q

Used as a tumor marker for breast cancer.

A

Estrogen receptor
Progesterone receptor

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40
Q

if px is (positive/negative) in these cell receptors, the doctor can already give ________________ = better prognosis

A

positive
hormonal therapy

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41
Q

Ideal characteristics of a Tumor Marker

A

Tumor Specific
Absent in healthy individuals
Readily detectable.

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42
Q

A tumor marker has to be tumor specific BUT majority of tumor markers are __________

A

non-specific

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43
Q

Why Tumor markers should be absent in healthy individuals?

A

Healthy individuals - px with NO cancer.

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44
Q

T/F: There are very few tumor markers that can meet these 3 ideal characteristics

A

FALSE; None

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45
Q

Enumerate the classifications of Tumor Markers

A

Enzymes
Endocrine
Oncofetal Antigens
Carbohydrate
Serum Proteins
Receptor

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46
Q

The classification of Tumor Marker that is hormonal

A

Endocrine

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47
Q

The classification of Tumor Marker that is a cancer antigen

A

Carbohydrate

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48
Q

What is the 1 type of Enzyme Tumor Marker

A

Prostatic-Specific Antigen (PSA)

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49
Q

A serine protease of the _________ gene family

A

Prostatic-Specific Antigen (PSA)

kallikrein

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50
Q

The most widely used tumor marker

A

Prostatic-Specific Antigen (PSA)

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51
Q

Prostate cancer marker

A

Prostatic-Specific Antigen (PSA)

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52
Q

Present normally among (male/female) individuals at (high/low) levels

A

Prostatic-Specific Antigen (PSA)

Male
Low

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53
Q

2 PHYSIOLOGIC FUNCTIONS of Prostatic-Specific Antigen (PSA)

A

Regulates seminal fluid viscosit
It can dissolve cervical mucous cap

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54
Q

When the cervical mucous cap is dissolved, it allows the entry of _____ in the ___________

A

sperm in the fallopian tube

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55
Q

T/F: Specificity of PSA is under debate for prostate cancer

A

TRUE

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56
Q

Enumerate the other conditions which can cause increase in PSA

A

Prostate infection
Prostatitis
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
Recent ejaculation
Direct rectal exam

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57
Q

Two forms of PSA

A

Free
Complexed with proteins

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58
Q

Which form of PSA circulates in the body on its own

A

Free

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59
Q

2 proteins that transports/binds PSA

A

α1-antichymotrypsin
α2-macroglobulin

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60
Q

Majority of PSA are in _________ form

A

complexed

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61
Q

Screening of PSA

If px doesn’t have history of prostate cancer, start @ ________

A

50 y/o

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62
Q

Methods in Screening of PSA

A

Measurement of PSA
Direct Rectal Examination (DRE)

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63
Q

METHODS OF SCREENING OF PSA

can cause false ↑ in PSA = misdiagnosis

A

Direct Rectal Examination (DRE)

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64
Q

METHODS OF SCREENING OF PSA

can cause false ↑ in PSA = misdiagnosis

A

Direct Rectal Examination (DRE)

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65
Q

Remedy for the false in. in PSA in DRE

A

Extract blood first before DRE

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66
Q

PSA Concentration of <1 ng/mL has a prevalence of Prostate Cancer of how many percent?

A

6-10%

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67
Q

PSA Concentration of 1-4ng/mL has a prevalence of Prostate Cancer of how many percent?

A

17-25%

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68
Q

PSA Concentration of 4-10ng/mL has a prevalence of Prostate Cancer of how many percent?

A

20-30%

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69
Q

PSA Concentration of >20ng/mL has a prevalence of Prostate Cancer of how many percent?

A

> 80%

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70
Q

Methods used in PSA

A

Immunoassays
Prostate cancer Gene-3 (PCA-3)

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71
Q

Enumerate the type of immunoassays used in PSA

A

fluorescence
enzyme
chemiluminescence

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72
Q

Measured because of the challenge for specificity of PSA

A

Prostate cancer Gene-3 (PCA-3)

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73
Q

Already specific for prostate cancer

A

Prostate cancer Gene-3 (PCA-3)

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74
Q

it is the gene that encodes for prostate cancer = more specific

A

Prostate cancer Gene-3 (PCA-3)

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75
Q

Enumerate the other Enzyme Tumor Markers

A

Prostate-specific antigen
Lactate dehydrogenase
Alkaline Phosphatase
Neuron-specific enolase

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76
Q

Tumor type in Prostate-specific antigen

A

Prostate cancer

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77
Q

Method used in Prostate=specific antigen

A

Immunoassay

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78
Q

Specimen used in Prostate-specific antigen

A

Serum

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79
Q

Which enzyme tumor marker has a clinical utility of:

Prostate cancer screening, therapy monitoring, and recurrence

A

Prostate-specific antigen

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80
Q

non-specific - virtually present in all cells

A

Lactate dehydrogenase

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81
Q

Elevated non-specifically in numerous cancers

A

LDH

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82
Q

Tumor type in LDH

A

Hematologic malignancies

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83
Q

LDH

Examples of Hematologic malignancies

A

lymphoma
leukemia

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84
Q

Method in LDH

A

EA

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85
Q

Specimen in LDH

A

Serum

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86
Q

Which enzyme tumor marker has a clinical utility of:

Prognostic indicator elevated nonspecifically in numerous cancers

A

LDH

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87
Q

↑ in Liver and Bone conditions

A

Alkalien Phosphatase

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88
Q

↑ in Liver and Bone conditions

A

Alkaline Phosphatase

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89
Q

used to specifically determine the cause in ↑ in ALP

A

GGT

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90
Q

More Liver specific than ALP

A

GGT

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91
Q

Tumor type in ALP

A

Metastatic carcinoma of bone
hepatocellular carcinoma
osteosarcoma
lymphoma
leukemia

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92
Q

Method used in ALP

A

EA

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93
Q

Specimen used in ALP

A

Serum

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94
Q

Which enzyme tumor marker has a clinical utility of:

Determination of liver and bone involvement; nonspecific elevation in many bone-related and liver cancers.

A

ALP

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95
Q

Used as a prognostic indicator and monitoring marker for Neuroendocrine Tumors

A

Neuron-specific enolase

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96
Q

Tumor type of Neuron-specific enolase

A

Neuroendocrine Tumors (NET)

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97
Q

Method used in Neuron-specific enolase

A

RIA
IHC

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98
Q

Specimen sued in Neuron-specific Enolase

A

Serum

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99
Q

Which enzyme tumor marker has a clinical utility of:

Prognostic indicator and monitoring disease progression for neuroendocrine tumors.

A

Neuron-specific enolase

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100
Q

______ glands secrete hormones

A

Endocrine

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101
Q

If there is problem with the endocrine gland itself, we can determine that there is also (decrease/increase) in hormone secreted by the particular EG

A

Increase

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102
Q

Give a classification of Endocrine Tumor Marker

A

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)

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103
Q

A dimeric glycoprotein synthesized by the _________ and _________.

A

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)

trophoblasts
placenta

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104
Q

two subunits of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)

A

α-hCG
β-hCG

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105
Q

Subunit that is non-specific to hCG

A

α-hCG

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106
Q

can be found in other hormones

A

α-hCG

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107
Q

what other hormones can α-hCG be found?

A

Luteinizing hormone (LH);
Follicular stimulating hormone (FSH); and
Thyroid Stimulating hormone (TSH).

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108
Q

more specific subuinit of hCG

A

β-hCG

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109
Q

subunit of hCG NOT present in normal serum; hence sensitive & specific

A

β-hCG

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110
Q

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin is a Marker for:

A

Ovarian Cancer
Testicular Cancer
Gestational Trophoblastic Disease

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111
Q

Which marker of hCG is the prognostic marker?

A

Ovarian cancer

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112
Q

Which marker of hCG is for monitoring and classifications

A

Testicular cancer

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113
Q

2 classification of Testicular cancer

A

Seminomatous
Non-seminomatous

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114
Q

In which classification of testicular cancer β-hCG is generally (lower/higher) among ______ of px

A

NON-SEMINOMATOUS

Higher
60-70%

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115
Q

Increased in Pregnancy

A

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)

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116
Q

hCG is increased in pregnancy, particularly the hCG produced by the _________

A

placenta

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117
Q

hCG increased in pregnancy gave rise to the principle for

A

Pregnancy test

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118
Q

In pregnancy test, presence of hCG in _____ - positive

A

urine

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119
Q

Method used in Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)

A

Immunoassays

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120
Q

Proteins secreted/produced by the fetus and disappear after birth.

A

Oncofetal antigens

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121
Q

They reappear if there is a tumor

A

Oncofetal antigens

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122
Q

Enumerate the types of Oncofetal Antigens

A

α-Fetoprotein (AFP
Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)

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123
Q

α-Fetoprotein (AFP) is a marker for __________________ and ___________________

A

hepatocellular carcinoma
germ cell carcinoma

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124
Q

α-Fetoprotein (AFP) is particularly a marker for _______

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma

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125
Q

α-Fetoprotein (AFP) is synthesized by the

A

fetal liver
fetal yolk sac
fetal GI tract.

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126
Q

Increased in AFP:

A

Hepatocellular and Germ Cell Carcinoma
Testicular cancer
Viral hepatitis, Chronic active hepatitis

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127
Q

In testicular carcinoma, which tumor marker is also increased aside from AFP?

A

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)

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128
Q

T/F: Since both AFP and hCG are increased during testicular cancer, both tumor markers are measured to determine its classification

A

True

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129
Q

Measured among pregnant women

A

α-Fetoprotein (AFP)

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130
Q

Screening sample used in AFP when measured among pregnant women

A

Maternal serum

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131
Q

If AFP is ↑ in maternal serum, the confirmatory sample is: ________________

A

Amniotic fluid

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132
Q

Increased AFP in maternal serum is seen in:

A

Twin fetus
Neural tube defects

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133
Q

Enumerate the conditions associated with Neural tube defects

A

Spina bifida
Anencephaly
Fetal distress

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134
Q

Which condition in Neural tube defect is a spinal cord defect

A

Spina bifida

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135
Q

Which condition in Neural tube defect is a brain defect

A

Anencephaly

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136
Q

Decreased AFP in maternal serum is seen in

A

Down syndrome
Edward syndrome

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137
Q

Down syndrome a.k.a

A

Trisomy 21

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138
Q

Edward syndrome a.k.a

A

Trisonomy 18

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139
Q

Edward syndrome a.k.a

A

Trisomy 18

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140
Q

Method used in AFP

A

Immunoassays

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141
Q

T/F: Germ cell tumor is a non-seminomatous tumor?

A

True

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142
Q

Classification of Testicular cancer that is generally ↑ hCG (β-hCG)

A

Nonseminomatous tumor

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143
Q

Classification of Testicular Cancer

There are other cells that had tumor which causes testicular cancer

A

Nonseminomatous tumor

144
Q

Types of Germ Cell Tumor

A

Yolk sac tumor
Choriocarcinoma
Embryonal carcinoma
Teratoma

145
Q

Yolk sac tumor is a.k.a

A

endodermal sinus tumor

146
Q

YOLK SAC TUMOR

AFP: _____
hCG: _______

A

AFP: increased
hCG: No

147
Q

Choriocarcinoma

AFP: _____
hCG: _______

A

AFP: No
hCG: increased

148
Q

Embryonal carcinoma

AFP: _____
hCG: _______

A

AFP: increased
hCG: 土 (Trace amount)

149
Q

Teratoma

AFP: _____
hCG: _______

A

AFP: No
hCG: No

150
Q

Classification of Testicular Cancer

the cause of testicular cancer are the testicular cell itself

A

Seminomatous

151
Q

Seminomatous

AFP: _____
hCG: _______

A

AFP: Not elevated in pure tumors
hCG: 土 (Trace amount)

152
Q

Most widely used tumor marker for Colorectal cancer

A

Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)

153
Q

Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) is the most widely used tumor marker for _____________

A

Colorectal cancer

154
Q

Part of the immunoglobulin superfamily

A

Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)

155
Q

Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) is part of what superfamily

A

immunoglobulin superfamily

156
Q

Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) is envolved in 3 processes; enumerate

A

Apoptosis
Immunity
Cell adhesion

157
Q

The process of CEA that also plays a role in metastasis

A

Cell adhesion

158
Q

T/F: Increased CEA is sensitive

A

FALSE; Non-sensitive

159
Q

Enumerate the increased CEA

A

Colorectal cancer
Lung, breast and GI tumors
Heavy smokers
Post-radiation and chemotherapy
Used to detect recurrence and monitor therapy

160
Q

In the detection of recurrence and monitor therapy of colorectal cancer, px should be monitored for CEA ________ after surgery/chemotherapy.

A

2-3 months

161
Q

(inc/dec) CEA = good prognosis

A

Decreased

162
Q

Method in CEA

A

Immunoassay

163
Q

Antigens that are present in tumor cell surfaces

A

Carbohydrates

164
Q

They can be composed of any macromolecules

A

Antigens

165
Q

The most antigenic of them is ________

A

protein

166
Q

The least antigenic is __________

A

nucleic acids

167
Q

Can also be secreted by the tumor cells

A

Carbohydrates

168
Q

Enumerate the different Carbohydrate tumor markers

A

CA 19-9
CA 15-3
CA 27-29
CA-125

169
Q

CA meaning

A

Carbohydrate antigen

170
Q

Glycolipid blood group antigen-related marker

A

CA 19-9

171
Q

CA 19-9 is related to what blood group system?

A

Lewis blood group system

172
Q

CA 19-9 a.k.a

A

sLeX

173
Q

the sialylated Lewis blood group antigen

A

sLeX (CA 19-9)

174
Q

The presence of _____ makes sLeX a sialylated lewis blood group antigen

A

sialic acid

175
Q

T/F: Therefore, if the patient doesn’t have Lewis antigen, the patient does not produce CA 19-9

A

true

176
Q

the phenotype when there is no antigen produced/expressed or two silent genes are inherited

A

Lewis null [Le(a-b-)]

177
Q

What is the unique characteristic of Lewis blood group

A

not present/expressed on red blood cells

178
Q

sample for Lewis phenotyping:

A

Saliva

179
Q

Marker for Pancreatic cancer

A

CA 19-9

180
Q

CA 19-9 is a marker for _______

A

Pancreatic cancer

181
Q

Increased CA 19-9:

A

Colorectal, lung and gastric carcinomas
Pancreatitis
Benign GI disease
Useful for monitoring therapy and detecting recurrence

182
Q

Method used in CA 19-9

A

Immunoassay

183
Q

Mucin glycoprotein antigen

A

CA 15-3
CA 27-29

184
Q

Useful in monitoring therapy and disease progression in metastatic breast cancer patients.

A

CA 15-3

185
Q

CA 15-3 is useful for monitoring therapy and diseases progression in ________________________________ px

A

metastatic breast cancer

186
Q

Increased CA 15-3:

A

Pancreatic, lung, colorectal, ovarian, breast and liver cancers
Benign conditions associated in liver and breast diseases

187
Q

Method used in CA 15-3

A

Immunoassay

188
Q

Antibodies used in Immunoassay of CA 15-3

A

Murine Monoclonal Antibody DF3 (MAb DF3)
Murine Monoclonal Antibody 115D8 (MAb 115D8)

189
Q

Which antibody in CA 15-3 is CHO independent

A

Murine Monoclonal Antibody DF3 (MAb DF3)

190
Q

Which antibody in CA 15-3 is CHO dependent

A

Murine Monoclonal Antibody 115D8 (MAb 115D8)

191
Q

also a Mucin glycoprotein antigen

A

CA 27-29

192
Q

Diagnostically similar to CA 15-3

A

CA 27-29

193
Q

Uses of CA 27-29

A

Detect recurrent breast cancer
Monitor therapy

194
Q

Which stages does CA 27-29 of recurrent breast cancer is used for?

A

Stages II or III

195
Q

Which stage does CA 27-29 of monitor therapy used for?

A

Stage IV

196
Q

Method used in CA 27-29

A

immunoassay

197
Q

What antibody is used in immunoassay of CA 27-29

A

B27.29 monoclonal antibody

198
Q

Marker for ovarian cancer

A

CA-125

199
Q

CA-125 is a marker for ____

A

ovarian cancer

200
Q

Also used as marker for endometrial cancer

A

CA-125

201
Q

CA-125 is also used as a marker for ______

A

endometrial cancer

202
Q

Useful for monitoring therapy of patient

A

CA-125

203
Q

Increased CA-125:

A

Menstruation
Cirrhosis, Hepatitis, Endometriosis, Pericarditis
Early pregnancy

204
Q

Which phase of menstruation is CA-125 increased?

A

follicular phase

205
Q

Method used in CA-125

A

Immunoassay

206
Q

What are the three different Serum Protein Tumor Markers

A

Serum M-protein
Serum-free light chains
β2-Microglobulin

207
Q

What is the tumor type involved in Serum M-protein and Serum-free light chains

A

Plasma cell dyscrasias

208
Q

_____ are ____ with compact ____ with vacuoles (___), cytoplasm (_____ appearance) ____ WBC (mature ___-cells)

A

PLASMA CELLS are ROUND with compact NUCLEUS with vacuoles (RUSSELL BODIES), cytoplasm (ROBIN’S EGG BLUE appearance)
MONONUCLEAR WBC (mature B-cells)

209
Q

Method in Serum M-protein

A

SPE/IFE

210
Q

Method in Serum-free light chains

A

IA

211
Q

Serum M-protein and Serum-free light chains CLINICAL UTILITY

A

Diagnosis, therapeutic monitoring of plasma cell malignancies

212
Q

Diagnosis, therapeutic monitoring of plasma cell
malignancies clinical utility falls under what tumor markers

A

Serum M-protein and Serum-free light chains

213
Q

It is a component of the
major histocompatibility
complex (MHC)

A

β2-Microglobulin

214
Q

β2-Microglobulin is a component of the ____,
therefore, it is present
in all ____

A

major histocompatibility complex (MHC);
nucleated cells

215
Q

β2-Microglobulin tumor type

A

Hematologic malignancies

216
Q

Method used in β2-Microglobulin

A

IA

217
Q

β2-Microglobulin CLINICAL UTILITY

A

Prognostic marker for
lymphoproliferative disorders

218
Q

Prognostic marker for
lymphoproliferative disorders

A

β2-Microglobulin

219
Q

What is the specimen used for Serum Protein Tumor Markers (Serum M-protein, Serum-free light chains, β2-Microglobulin)

A

SERUM

220
Q

What are the diff Receptor Tumor Markers

A

Estrogen receptor (Er)
Progesterone receptor (Pr)
Her-2/neu
Epidermal growth factor receptor

221
Q

TUMOR TYPE of Estrogen receptor and Progesterone receptor

A

Breast cancer

222
Q

METHOD used in Estrogen receptor and Progesterone receptor

A

IHC

223
Q

Hormonal therapy indicator

A

Estrogen receptor
Progesterone receptor

224
Q

Estrogen receptor and Progesterone receptor CLINICAL UTILITY

A

Hormonal therapy indicator

225
Q

Her-2/neu is also known as

A

c-erb-2 or ERB-2

226
Q

It is most useful Receptor tumor marker
for breast cancer

A

Her-2/neu

227
Q

Her-2/neu TUMOR TYPE

A

Breast, ovarian,
gastrointestinal tumors

228
Q

Her-2/neu METHOD

A

IHC,
FISH,
ELISA

229
Q

Prognostic and hormonal therapy
indicator

A

Her-2/neu

230
Q

Her-2/neu CLINICAL UTILITY

A

Prognostic and hormonal therapy
indicator

231
Q

Epidermal growth factor receptor TUMOR TYPE

A

Head, neck, ovarian,
cervical cancers

232
Q

Epidermal growth factor receptor METHOD

A

IHC

233
Q

Epidermal growth factor receptor CLINICAL UTILITY

A

Prognostic indicator

234
Q

Prognostic indicator

A

Epidermal growth
factor receptor

235
Q

Prognostic indicator

A

Epidermal growth factor receptor

236
Q

What are the two Prognosis markers

A
237
Q

What are the two Prognosis markers

A

Her-2/neu
Epidermal growth factor receptors

238
Q

Both Her-2/neu and Epidermal growth factor receptors are _____

A

Prognosis markers

239
Q

Enumerate the Other Endocrine Tumor Markers (14)

A
  1. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
  2. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
  3. C-peptide
  4. Calcitonin
  5. Chromogranin A
  6. Cortisol
  7. Gastrin
  8. Growth hormone (GH)
  9. Homovanillic acid (HVA)
  10. 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA)
  11. Metanephrines (fractionated)
  12. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
  13. Prolactin (PRL)
  14. Vanillylmandelic acid (VMA)
240
Q

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
TUMOR TYPE?

A

Pituitary adenoma,
ectopic ACTH-producing tumor

241
Q

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
METHOD?

A

IA

242
Q

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
SPECIMEN USED?

A

SERUM

243
Q

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) CLINICAL UTILITY?

A

Diagnosis of ectopic
ACTH-producing tumor

244
Q

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) is for the Diagnosis of ___

A

ectopic ACTH-producing tumor

245
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) as well as ____ is stored in the ________

A

Oxytocin;
posterior pituitary gland

246
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) TUMOR TYPE?

A

Posterior pituitary tumors/neurohypophysis

247
Q

Posterior pituitary tumors

A

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

248
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) METHOD?

A

IA

249
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) SPECIMEN?

A

SERUM

250
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) CLINICAL UTILITY?

A

Diagnosis of SIADH

251
Q

Diagnosis of SIADH

A

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

252
Q

SIADH

A

Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH)

253
Q

This tumor marker is used in the differentiation of type
1 and type 2 diabetes

A

C-peptide

254
Q

What type of diabetes is insulinopenia

A

Type 1

255
Q

Type of diabetes wherein the problem is in the receptor

A

Type 2

256
Q

Where is insulin produced

A

β-cells of islets of
Langerhans

257
Q

Where is glucagon produced

A

α-cells of islets of
Langerhans

258
Q

Where is somatostatin produced

A

δ-cells of islets of
Langerhans

259
Q

What is the inactive
form of insulin

A

Proinsulin

260
Q

Insulin with C-peptide

A

Proinsulin

261
Q

____ is cleaved in the production of insulin from ____

A

C-peptide;
proinsulin

262
Q

C-peptide TUMOR TYPE?

A

Insulin-secreting
tumors (insulinoma)

263
Q

C-peptide METHOD?

A

ELISA, IA

264
Q

C-peptide SPECIMEN?

A

Serum

265
Q

C-peptide CLINICAL UTILITY?

A

Diagnosis of insulinoma

266
Q

C-peptide is for the diagnosis of ___

A

insulinoma

267
Q

Diagnosis of insulinoma

A

C-peptide

268
Q

Where is calcitonin produced

A

thyroid gland

269
Q

Produced by Thyroid gland and is responsible for calcium and phosphate homeostasis

A

Calcitonin

270
Q

Calcitonin TUMOR TYPE?

A

Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) and neuroendocrine tumors

271
Q

Calcitonin METHOD?

A

IA

272
Q

Calcitonin SPECIMEN?

A

Serum

273
Q

Calcitonin CLINICAL UTILITY?

A

Screening, response to
therapy, and monitoring recurrence of MTC

274
Q

Screening, response to
therapy, and monitoring recurrence of MTC

A

Calcitonin

275
Q

Chromogranin A are ____

A

catecholamines

276
Q

catecholamines are secreted by ___

A

adrenal medulla

277
Q

what is the hormone for fight or flight response

A

Catecholamines

278
Q

2 examples of Catecholamines

A

epinephrine & norepinephrine

279
Q

Chromogranin A TUMOR TYPE?

A

Pheochromocytoma, neuroblastoma,
carcinoid tumors, small cell lung cancers

280
Q

tumor where there is
autonomous
production of
catecholamines by the
adrenal medulla

A

Pheochromocytoma

281
Q

Pheochromocytoma is the tumor where there is
_____ production of
_____ by the ____

A

autonomous
catecholamines
adrenal medulla

282
Q

Chromogranin A METHOD?

A

ELISA,
RIA

283
Q

Chromogranin A SPECIMEN?

A

Serum

284
Q

Chromogranin A CLINICAL UTILITY ?

A

Aid in diagnosis of carcinoid tumors, pheochromocytomas,
and neuroblastomas

285
Q

Chromogranin A aid in diagnosis of ____ , ____,
and ____

A

carcinoid tumors,
pheochromocytomas,
neuroblastomas

286
Q

Aid in diagnosis of carcinoid
tumors, pheochromocytomas,
and neuroblastomas

A

Chromogranin A

287
Q

Cortisol is produced by __

A

adrenal cortex

288
Q

Cortisol TUMOR TYPE

A

Adrenal tumors

289
Q

Cortisol METHOD?

A

IA

290
Q

Cortisol SPECIMEN?

A

Serum or
urine

291
Q

Cortisol CLINICAL UTILITY?

A

Diagnosis of Cushing’s
syndrome, adrenal adenoma

292
Q

Cortisol is for the Diagnosis of ____, ____

A

Cushing’s syndrome
adrenal adenoma

293
Q

Gastrin TUMOR TYPE?

A

Neuroendocrine tumor

294
Q

Gastrin METHOD?

A

IA

295
Q

Gastrin SPECIMEN?

A

Serum

296
Q

Gastrin CLINICAL UTILITY?

A

Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome;
gastrinoma

297
Q

Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome;
gastrinoma

A

Gastrin

298
Q

Gastrin is for _____; ____

A

Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome;
gastrinoma

299
Q

Growth hormone (GH) is secreted by the _____

A

Pituitary gland

300
Q

Growth hormone (GH) TUMOR TYPE?

A

Pituitary adenoma, ectopic GH-secreting
tumors

301
Q

Growth hormone (GH) METHOD?

A

IA

302
Q

Growth hormone (GH) SPECIMEN?

A

Serum

303
Q

Growth hormone (GH) CLINICAL UTILITY?

A

Diagnosis and post monitoring of
acromegaly

304
Q

Growth hormone (GH) is for the diagnosis and post monitoring of ___

A

acromegaly

305
Q

For the Diagnosis and post monitory of
acromegaly

A

Growth hormone (GH)

306
Q

Homovanillic acid (HVA) TUMOR TYPE?

A

Neuroblastoma,
pheochromocytoma,
paraganglioma

307
Q

Homovanillic acid (HVA) METHOD?

A

HPLC

308
Q

Homovanillic acid (HVA) SPECIMEN?

A

24-h urine

309
Q

Homovanillic acid (HVA) CLINICAL UTILITY?

A

Diagnosis of neuroblastoma

310
Q

Homovanillic acid (HVA) is for the diagnosis of ___

A

neuroblastoma

311
Q

Diagnosis of neuroblastoma

A

Homovanillic acid
(HVA)

312
Q

A serotonin metabolite

A

5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA)

313
Q

serotonin is also known as

A

happy hormones

314
Q

___ of serotonin is
produced by the
____

A

90%
intestine

315
Q

5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) TUMOR TYPE?

A

Carcinoid tumors

316
Q

5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) METHOD?

A

HPLC

317
Q

5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) SPECIMEN?

A

24-h urine

318
Q

5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) CLINICAL UTILITY??

A

Diagnosis of carcinoid tumors

319
Q

5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) is for diagnosis of ____

A

carcinoid tumors

320
Q

Diagnosis of carcinoid tumors

A

5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA)

321
Q

Metabolite of catecholamines

A

Metanephrines (fractionated)

322
Q

Metanephrines (fractionated) TUMOR TYPE?

A

Pheochromocytoma,
paraganglioma,
neuroblastoma

323
Q

Metanephrines (fractionated) METHOD?

A

HPLC

324
Q

Metanephrines (fractionated) SPECIMEN?

A

24-h urine
or plasma

325
Q

Metanephrines (fractionated) CLINICAL UTILITY?

A

Screening and diagnosis of
pheochromocytoma

326
Q

Metanephrines (fractionated) is for the Screening and diagnosis of
____

A

pheochromocytoma

327
Q

Screening and diagnosis of
pheochromocytoma

A

Metanephrines
(fractionated)

328
Q

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is secreted by __

A

parathyroid gland

329
Q

Parathyroid hormone TUMOR TYPE?

A

Parathyroid adenoma

330
Q

Parathyroid hormone METHOD

A

IA

331
Q

Parathyroid hormone SPECIMEN?

A

Serum

332
Q

Parathyroid hormone CLINICAL UTILITY?

A

Diagnosis and post-surgical
monitoring of parathyroid
adenoma

333
Q

Parathyroid hormone is for Diagnosis and post-surgical
monitoring of ____

A

parathyroid adenoma

334
Q

Diagnosis and post-surgical
monitoring of parathyroid
adenoma

A

Parathyroid hormone

335
Q

Prolactin (PRL) is secreted by __

A

pituitary gland

336
Q

Prolactin TUMOR TYPE?

A

Pituitary adenoma

337
Q

Prolactin METHOD?

A

IA

338
Q

Prolactin SPECIMEN?

A

Serum

339
Q

Prolactin CLINICAL UTILITY?

A

Diagnosis and post-surgical
monitoring of prolactinoma

340
Q

Prolactin is for Diagnosis and post-surgical
monitoring of ___

A

prolactinoma

341
Q

Diagnosis and post-surgical
monitoring of prolactinoma

A

Prolactin (PRL)

342
Q

Vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) TUMOR TYPE?

A

Pheochromocytoma,
paraganglioma,
neuroblastoma

343
Q

Vanillylmandelic acid METHOD?

A

HPLC

344
Q

Vanillylmandelic acid SPECIMEN?

A

24-h urine

345
Q

Vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) is for Diagnosis of ____

A

neuroblastoma

346
Q

Diagnosis of neuroblastoma

A

Vanillylmandelic acid
(VMA)

347
Q

Both of these Endocrine Tumor Markers are
catecholamines metabolized

A

Homovanillic acid (HVA)
Vanillylmandelic acid (VMA)

348
Q

ACTH

A

Adrenocorticotropic
Hormone

349
Q

ADH

A

Antidiuretic Hormone

350
Q

GH

A

Growth hormone

351
Q

HVA

A

Homovanillic acid

352
Q

5-HIAA

A

5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid

353
Q

PTH

A

Parathyroid hormone

354
Q

PRL

A

Prolactin

355
Q

VMA

A

Vanillylmandelic acid

[LECT] CC 2 - Finals (9 decks)

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