[M5] Tumor Markers Flashcards
(355 cards)
1
Q
is autonomous/uncontrolled proliferation of cells or uncontrolled cell growth
A
Cancer
2
Q
Cells continuously produce/grow
A
Cancer
3
Q
In ___________. they stop proliferation or cell division if the brain tells so
A
normal cells
4
Q
Unlike in _________, the brain CAN NOT control the proliferation of tumor cells = _____________ (uncontrolled)
A
cancer cells
AUTONOMOUS
5
Q
The continuous production/cell growth may lead to the formation of solid mass (_____/_________)
A
tumors/neoplasms
6
Q
T/F: Tumor is cancer
A
FALSE; This is a very common misconception
7
Q
STAGE OF CANCER
Localized primary malignant tumor
A
STAGE 1
8
Q
STAGE OF CANCER
Already invades through the epithelium and blood vessels
A
STAGE 2
9
Q
STAGE OF CANCER
Migrates through the lymph nodes
A
STAGE 3
10
Q
STAGE OF CANCER
Metastasized into distant tissues
A
STAGE 4
11
Q
Two types of tumors
A
Benign tumor
Malignant tumor
12
Q
cells that proliferates autonomously localized on one side
A
Benign tumor
13
Q
Non-cancerous tumors
A
Benign tumor
14
Q
Examples of Benign tumor
A
Lung tumor
Skin tags
15
Q
Naming for Benign tumor
A
cell type + suffix(-oma)
16
Q
can invade other cells/tissue
A
Malignant tumor
17
Q
Cancerous tumors
A
Malignant tumor
18
Q
Can cause destruction of ___________
A
MALIGNNANT TUMOR
adjacent cells
19
Q
Invasion of cancer cells to other parts of the body is called _______________
A
MALIGNNANT TUMOR
metastasis
20
Q
Malignant cancers are capable of the process called ___________
A
angiogenesis.
21
Q
formation/generation (suffix)
A
Genesis
22
Q
Cancer cells are capable of forming their own ___________
A
blood vessels.
23
Q
This is where the cancer cells pass through to spread/metastasize
A
Blood vessels that the cancer cells formed on their own
24
Q
Substances of different natures
A
Tumor markers
25
Tumor markers are either produced by:
Tumor/Cancer cell itself
Healthy cells adjacent to the tumor cells
26
the production of tumor markers as an effect by the tumor cells
Healthy cells adjacent to the tumor cells
27
T/F: Tumor markers are a useful diagnostic tool for cancer
FALSE;
28
T/F: High tumor marker doesn’t necessarily mean that you have a specific cancer.
TRUE
29
USES OF TUMOR MARKERS
Differentiate tumor tissues from normal tissues
Detects presence of tumor
Predicts prognosis
Monitors therapeutic response
Detects tumor recurrence
30
Tumor markers are used to detect presence of tumor; however, detection of tumor has a (specific/limited) diagnostic value
LIMITED
31
T/F: Majority of tumor markers are non sensitive/non-specific
TRUE
32
even though non-malignant tumor is present, it can (inc/dec) tumor markers
increased
33
Examples of non-malignant tumor that can increase tumor markers
Infection
34
Tumor markers can be (inc/dec) in benign conditions
Increased
35
Tumor marker levels reflect the _________ of the tumor.
PREDICTS PROGNOSIS
aggressiveness
36
↑TM = (inc/dec) aggressiveness
increased
37
Several tumor markers present can indicate a particular ________
PREDICTS PROGNOSIS
therapy
38
What are the two cell receptors
Estrogen receptor
Progesterone receptor
39
Used as a tumor marker for breast cancer.
Estrogen receptor
Progesterone receptor
40
if px is (positive/negative) in these cell receptors, the doctor can already give ________________ = better prognosis
positive
hormonal therapy
41
Ideal characteristics of a Tumor Marker
Tumor Specific
Absent in healthy individuals
Readily detectable.
42
A tumor marker has to be tumor specific BUT majority of tumor markers are __________
non-specific
43
Why Tumor markers should be absent in healthy individuals?
Healthy individuals - px with NO cancer.
44
T/F: There are very few tumor markers that can meet these 3 ideal characteristics
FALSE; None
45
Enumerate the classifications of Tumor Markers
Enzymes
Endocrine
Oncofetal Antigens
Carbohydrate
Serum Proteins
Receptor
46
The classification of Tumor Marker that is hormonal
Endocrine
47
The classification of Tumor Marker that is a cancer antigen
Carbohydrate
48
What is the 1 type of Enzyme Tumor Marker
Prostatic-Specific Antigen (PSA)
49
A serine protease of the _________ gene family
Prostatic-Specific Antigen (PSA)
kallikrein
50
The most widely used tumor marker
Prostatic-Specific Antigen (PSA)
51
Prostate cancer marker
Prostatic-Specific Antigen (PSA)
52
Present normally among (male/female) individuals at (high/low) levels
Prostatic-Specific Antigen (PSA)
Male
Low
53
2 PHYSIOLOGIC FUNCTIONS of Prostatic-Specific Antigen (PSA)
Regulates seminal fluid viscosit
It can dissolve cervical mucous cap
54
When the cervical mucous cap is dissolved, it allows the entry of _____ in the ___________
sperm in the fallopian tube
55
T/F: Specificity of PSA is under debate for prostate cancer
TRUE
56
Enumerate the other conditions which can cause increase in PSA
Prostate infection
Prostatitis
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
Recent ejaculation
Direct rectal exam
57
Two forms of PSA
Free
Complexed with proteins
58
Which form of PSA circulates in the body on its own
Free
59
2 proteins that transports/binds PSA
α1-antichymotrypsin
α2-macroglobulin
60
Majority of PSA are in _________ form
complexed
61
Screening of PSA
If px doesn’t have history of prostate cancer, start @ ________
50 y/o
62
Methods in Screening of PSA
Measurement of PSA
Direct Rectal Examination (DRE)
63
METHODS OF SCREENING OF PSA
can cause false ↑ in PSA = misdiagnosis
Direct Rectal Examination (DRE)
64
METHODS OF SCREENING OF PSA
can cause false ↑ in PSA = misdiagnosis
Direct Rectal Examination (DRE)
65
Remedy for the false in. in PSA in DRE
Extract blood first before DRE
66
PSA Concentration of <1 ng/mL has a prevalence of Prostate Cancer of how many percent?
6-10%
67
PSA Concentration of 1-4ng/mL has a prevalence of Prostate Cancer of how many percent?
17-25%
68
PSA Concentration of 4-10ng/mL has a prevalence of Prostate Cancer of how many percent?
20-30%
69
PSA Concentration of >20ng/mL has a prevalence of Prostate Cancer of how many percent?
>80%
70
Methods used in PSA
Immunoassays
Prostate cancer Gene-3 (PCA-3)
71
Enumerate the type of immunoassays used in PSA
fluorescence
enzyme
chemiluminescence
72
Measured because of the challenge for specificity of PSA
Prostate cancer Gene-3 (PCA-3)
73
Already specific for prostate cancer
Prostate cancer Gene-3 (PCA-3)
74
it is the gene that encodes for prostate cancer = more specific
Prostate cancer Gene-3 (PCA-3)
75
Enumerate the other Enzyme Tumor Markers
Prostate-specific antigen
Lactate dehydrogenase
Alkaline Phosphatase
Neuron-specific enolase
76
Tumor type in Prostate-specific antigen
Prostate cancer
77
Method used in Prostate=specific antigen
Immunoassay
78
Specimen used in Prostate-specific antigen
Serum
79
Which enzyme tumor marker has a clinical utility of:
Prostate cancer screening, therapy monitoring, and recurrence
Prostate-specific antigen
80
non-specific - virtually present in all cells
Lactate dehydrogenase
81
Elevated non-specifically in numerous cancers
LDH
82
Tumor type in LDH
Hematologic malignancies
83
LDH
Examples of Hematologic malignancies
lymphoma
leukemia
84
Method in LDH
EA
85
Specimen in LDH
Serum
86
Which enzyme tumor marker has a clinical utility of:
Prognostic indicator elevated nonspecifically in numerous cancers
LDH
87
↑ in Liver and Bone conditions
Alkalien Phosphatase
88
↑ in Liver and Bone conditions
Alkaline Phosphatase
89
used to specifically determine the cause in ↑ in ALP
GGT
90
More Liver specific than ALP
GGT
91
Tumor type in ALP
Metastatic carcinoma of bone
hepatocellular carcinoma
osteosarcoma
lymphoma
leukemia
92
Method used in ALP
EA
93
Specimen used in ALP
Serum
94
Which enzyme tumor marker has a clinical utility of:
Determination of liver and bone involvement; nonspecific elevation in many bone-related and liver cancers.
ALP
95
Used as a prognostic indicator and monitoring marker for Neuroendocrine Tumors
Neuron-specific enolase
96
Tumor type of Neuron-specific enolase
Neuroendocrine Tumors (NET)
97
Method used in Neuron-specific enolase
RIA
IHC
98
Specimen sued in Neuron-specific Enolase
Serum
99
Which enzyme tumor marker has a clinical utility of:
Prognostic indicator and monitoring disease progression for neuroendocrine tumors.
Neuron-specific enolase
100
______ glands secrete hormones
Endocrine
101
If there is problem with the endocrine gland itself, we can determine that there is also (decrease/increase) in hormone secreted by the particular EG
Increase
102
Give a classification of Endocrine Tumor Marker
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)
103
A dimeric glycoprotein synthesized by the _________ and _________.
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)
trophoblasts
placenta
104
two subunits of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)
α-hCG
β-hCG
105
Subunit that is non-specific to hCG
α-hCG
106
can be found in other hormones
α-hCG
107
what other hormones can α-hCG be found?
Luteinizing hormone (LH);
Follicular stimulating hormone (FSH); and
Thyroid Stimulating hormone (TSH).
108
more specific subuinit of hCG
β-hCG
109
subunit of hCG NOT present in normal serum; hence sensitive & specific
β-hCG
110
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin is a Marker for:
Ovarian Cancer
Testicular Cancer
Gestational Trophoblastic Disease
111
Which marker of hCG is the prognostic marker?
Ovarian cancer
112
Which marker of hCG is for monitoring and classifications
Testicular cancer
113
2 classification of Testicular cancer
Seminomatous
Non-seminomatous
114
In which classification of testicular cancer β-hCG is generally (lower/higher) among ______ of px
NON-SEMINOMATOUS
Higher
60-70%
115
Increased in Pregnancy
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)
116
hCG is increased in pregnancy, particularly the hCG produced by the _________
placenta
117
hCG increased in pregnancy gave rise to the principle for
Pregnancy test
118
In pregnancy test, presence of hCG in _____ - positive
urine
119
Method used in Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)
Immunoassays
120
Proteins secreted/produced by the fetus and disappear after birth.
Oncofetal antigens
121
They reappear if there is a tumor
Oncofetal antigens
122
Enumerate the types of Oncofetal Antigens
α-Fetoprotein (AFP
Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)
123
α-Fetoprotein (AFP) is a marker for __________________ and ___________________
hepatocellular carcinoma
germ cell carcinoma
124
α-Fetoprotein (AFP) is particularly a marker for _______
Hepatocellular carcinoma
125
α-Fetoprotein (AFP) is synthesized by the
fetal liver
fetal yolk sac
fetal GI tract.
126
Increased in AFP:
Hepatocellular and Germ Cell Carcinoma
Testicular cancer
Viral hepatitis, Chronic active hepatitis
127
In testicular carcinoma, which tumor marker is also increased aside from AFP?
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)
128
T/F: Since both AFP and hCG are increased during testicular cancer, both tumor markers are measured to determine its classification
True
129
Measured among pregnant women
α-Fetoprotein (AFP)
130
Screening sample used in AFP when measured among pregnant women
Maternal serum
131
If AFP is ↑ in maternal serum, the confirmatory sample is: ________________
Amniotic fluid
132
Increased AFP in maternal serum is seen in:
Twin fetus
Neural tube defects
133
Enumerate the conditions associated with Neural tube defects
Spina bifida
Anencephaly
Fetal distress
134
Which condition in Neural tube defect is a spinal cord defect
Spina bifida
135
Which condition in Neural tube defect is a brain defect
Anencephaly
136
Decreased AFP in maternal serum is seen in
Down syndrome
Edward syndrome
137
Down syndrome a.k.a
Trisomy 21
138
Edward syndrome a.k.a
Trisonomy 18
139
Edward syndrome a.k.a
Trisomy 18
140
Method used in AFP
Immunoassays
141
T/F: Germ cell tumor is a non-seminomatous tumor?
True
142
Classification of Testicular cancer that is generally ↑ hCG (β-hCG)
Nonseminomatous tumor
143
Classification of Testicular Cancer
There are other cells that had tumor which causes testicular cancer
Nonseminomatous tumor
144
Types of Germ Cell Tumor
Yolk sac tumor
Choriocarcinoma
Embryonal carcinoma
Teratoma
145
Yolk sac tumor is a.k.a
endodermal sinus tumor
146
YOLK SAC TUMOR
AFP: _____
hCG: _______
AFP: increased
hCG: No
147
Choriocarcinoma
AFP: _____
hCG: _______
AFP: No
hCG: increased
148
Embryonal carcinoma
AFP: _____
hCG: _______
AFP: increased
hCG: 土 (Trace amount)
149
Teratoma
AFP: _____
hCG: _______
AFP: No
hCG: No
150
Classification of Testicular Cancer
the cause of testicular cancer are the testicular cell itself
Seminomatous
151
Seminomatous
AFP: _____
hCG: _______
AFP: Not elevated in pure tumors
hCG: 土 (Trace amount)
152
Most widely used tumor marker for Colorectal cancer
Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)
153
Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) is the most widely used tumor marker for _____________
Colorectal cancer
154
Part of the immunoglobulin superfamily
Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)
155
Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) is part of what superfamily
immunoglobulin superfamily
156
Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) is envolved in 3 processes; enumerate
Apoptosis
Immunity
Cell adhesion
157
The process of CEA that also plays a role in metastasis
Cell adhesion
158
T/F: Increased CEA is sensitive
FALSE; Non-sensitive
159
Enumerate the increased CEA
Colorectal cancer
Lung, breast and GI tumors
Heavy smokers
Post-radiation and chemotherapy
Used to detect recurrence and monitor therapy
160
In the detection of recurrence and monitor therapy of colorectal cancer, px should be monitored for CEA ________ after surgery/chemotherapy.
2-3 months
161
(inc/dec) CEA = good prognosis
Decreased
162
Method in CEA
Immunoassay
163
Antigens that are present in tumor cell surfaces
Carbohydrates
164
They can be composed of any macromolecules
Antigens
165
The most antigenic of them is ________
protein
166
The least antigenic is __________
nucleic acids
167
Can also be secreted by the tumor cells
Carbohydrates
168
Enumerate the different Carbohydrate tumor markers
CA 19-9
CA 15-3
CA 27-29
CA-125
169
CA meaning
Carbohydrate antigen
170
Glycolipid blood group antigen-related marker
CA 19-9
171
CA 19-9 is related to what blood group system?
Lewis blood group system
172
CA 19-9 a.k.a
sLeX
173
the sialylated Lewis blood group antigen
sLeX (CA 19-9)
174
The presence of _____ makes sLeX a sialylated lewis blood group antigen
sialic acid
175
T/F: Therefore, if the patient doesn’t have Lewis antigen, the patient does not produce CA 19-9
true
176
the phenotype when there is no antigen produced/expressed or two silent genes are inherited
Lewis null [Le(a-b-)]
177
What is the unique characteristic of Lewis blood group
not present/expressed on red blood cells
178
sample for Lewis phenotyping:
Saliva
179
Marker for Pancreatic cancer
CA 19-9
180
CA 19-9 is a marker for _______
Pancreatic cancer
181
Increased CA 19-9:
Colorectal, lung and gastric carcinomas
Pancreatitis
Benign GI disease
Useful for monitoring therapy and detecting recurrence
182
Method used in CA 19-9
Immunoassay
183
Mucin glycoprotein antigen
CA 15-3
CA 27-29
184
Useful in monitoring therapy and disease progression in metastatic breast cancer patients.
CA 15-3
185
CA 15-3 is useful for monitoring therapy and diseases progression in ________________________________ px
metastatic breast cancer
186
Increased CA 15-3:
Pancreatic, lung, colorectal, ovarian, breast and liver cancers
Benign conditions associated in liver and breast diseases
187
Method used in CA 15-3
Immunoassay
188
Antibodies used in Immunoassay of CA 15-3
Murine Monoclonal Antibody DF3 (MAb DF3)
Murine Monoclonal Antibody 115D8 (MAb 115D8)
189
Which antibody in CA 15-3 is CHO independent
Murine Monoclonal Antibody DF3 (MAb DF3)
190
Which antibody in CA 15-3 is CHO dependent
Murine Monoclonal Antibody 115D8 (MAb 115D8)
191
also a Mucin glycoprotein antigen
CA 27-29
192
Diagnostically similar to CA 15-3
CA 27-29
193
Uses of CA 27-29
Detect recurrent breast cancer
Monitor therapy
194
Which stages does CA 27-29 of recurrent breast cancer is used for?
Stages II or III
195
Which stage does CA 27-29 of monitor therapy used for?
Stage IV
196
Method used in CA 27-29
immunoassay
197
What antibody is used in immunoassay of CA 27-29
B27.29 monoclonal antibody
198
Marker for ovarian cancer
CA-125
199
CA-125 is a marker for ____
ovarian cancer
200
Also used as marker for endometrial cancer
CA-125
201
CA-125 is also used as a marker for ______
endometrial cancer
202
Useful for monitoring therapy of patient
CA-125
203
Increased CA-125:
Menstruation
Cirrhosis, Hepatitis, Endometriosis, Pericarditis
Early pregnancy
204
Which phase of menstruation is CA-125 increased?
follicular phase
205
Method used in CA-125
Immunoassay
206
What are the three different Serum Protein Tumor Markers
Serum M-protein
Serum-free light chains
β2-Microglobulin
207
What is the tumor type involved in Serum M-protein and Serum-free light chains
Plasma cell dyscrasias
208
_____ are ____ with compact ____ with vacuoles (___), cytoplasm (_____ appearance) ____ WBC (mature ___-cells)
PLASMA CELLS are ROUND with compact NUCLEUS with vacuoles (RUSSELL BODIES), cytoplasm (ROBIN'S EGG BLUE appearance)
MONONUCLEAR WBC (mature B-cells)
209
Method in Serum M-protein
SPE/IFE
210
Method in Serum-free light chains
IA
211
Serum M-protein and Serum-free light chains CLINICAL UTILITY
Diagnosis, therapeutic monitoring of plasma cell malignancies
212
Diagnosis, therapeutic monitoring of plasma cell
malignancies clinical utility falls under what tumor markers
Serum M-protein and Serum-free light chains
213
It is a component of the
major histocompatibility
complex (MHC)
β2-Microglobulin
214
β2-Microglobulin is a component of the ____,
therefore, it is present
in all ____
major histocompatibility complex (MHC);
nucleated cells
215
β2-Microglobulin tumor type
Hematologic malignancies
216
Method used in β2-Microglobulin
IA
217
β2-Microglobulin CLINICAL UTILITY
Prognostic marker for
lymphoproliferative disorders
218
Prognostic marker for
lymphoproliferative disorders
β2-Microglobulin
219
What is the specimen used for Serum Protein Tumor Markers (Serum M-protein, Serum-free light chains, β2-Microglobulin)
SERUM
220
What are the diff Receptor Tumor Markers
Estrogen receptor (Er)
Progesterone receptor (Pr)
Her-2/neu
Epidermal growth factor receptor
221
TUMOR TYPE of Estrogen receptor and Progesterone receptor
Breast cancer
222
METHOD used in Estrogen receptor and Progesterone receptor
IHC
223
Hormonal therapy indicator
Estrogen receptor
Progesterone receptor
224
Estrogen receptor and Progesterone receptor CLINICAL UTILITY
Hormonal therapy indicator
225
Her-2/neu is also known as
c-erb-2 or ERB-2
226
It is most useful Receptor tumor marker
for breast cancer
Her-2/neu
227
Her-2/neu TUMOR TYPE
Breast, ovarian,
gastrointestinal tumors
228
Her-2/neu METHOD
IHC,
FISH,
ELISA
229
Prognostic and hormonal therapy
indicator
Her-2/neu
230
Her-2/neu CLINICAL UTILITY
Prognostic and hormonal therapy
indicator
231
Epidermal growth factor receptor TUMOR TYPE
Head, neck, ovarian,
cervical cancers
232
Epidermal growth factor receptor METHOD
IHC
233
Epidermal growth factor receptor CLINICAL UTILITY
Prognostic indicator
234
Prognostic indicator
Epidermal growth
factor receptor
235
Prognostic indicator
Epidermal growth factor receptor
236
What are the two Prognosis markers
237
What are the two Prognosis markers
Her-2/neu
Epidermal growth factor receptors
238
Both Her-2/neu and Epidermal growth factor receptors are _____
Prognosis markers
239
Enumerate the Other Endocrine Tumor Markers (14)
1. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
2. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
3. C-peptide
4. Calcitonin
5. Chromogranin A
6. Cortisol
7. Gastrin
8. Growth hormone (GH)
9. Homovanillic acid (HVA)
10. 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA)
11. Metanephrines (fractionated)
12. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
13. Prolactin (PRL)
14. Vanillylmandelic acid (VMA)
240
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
TUMOR TYPE?
Pituitary adenoma,
ectopic ACTH-producing tumor
241
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
METHOD?
IA
242
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
SPECIMEN USED?
SERUM
243
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) CLINICAL UTILITY?
Diagnosis of ectopic
ACTH-producing tumor
244
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) is for the Diagnosis of ___
ectopic ACTH-producing tumor
245
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) as well as ____ is stored in the ________
Oxytocin;
posterior pituitary gland
246
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) TUMOR TYPE?
Posterior pituitary tumors/neurohypophysis
247
Posterior pituitary tumors
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
248
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) METHOD?
IA
249
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) SPECIMEN?
SERUM
250
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) CLINICAL UTILITY?
Diagnosis of SIADH
251
Diagnosis of SIADH
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
252
SIADH
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH)
253
This tumor marker is used in the differentiation of type
1 and type 2 diabetes
C-peptide
254
What type of diabetes is insulinopenia
Type 1
255
Type of diabetes wherein the problem is in the receptor
Type 2
256
Where is insulin produced
β-cells of islets of
Langerhans
257
Where is glucagon produced
α-cells of islets of
Langerhans
258
Where is somatostatin produced
δ-cells of islets of
Langerhans
259
What is the inactive
form of insulin
Proinsulin
260
Insulin with C-peptide
Proinsulin
261
____ is cleaved in the production of insulin from ____
C-peptide;
proinsulin
262
C-peptide TUMOR TYPE?
Insulin-secreting
tumors (insulinoma)
263
C-peptide METHOD?
ELISA, IA
264
C-peptide SPECIMEN?
Serum
265
C-peptide CLINICAL UTILITY?
Diagnosis of insulinoma
266
C-peptide is for the diagnosis of ___
insulinoma
267
Diagnosis of insulinoma
C-peptide
268
Where is calcitonin produced
thyroid gland
269
Produced by Thyroid gland and is responsible for calcium and phosphate homeostasis
Calcitonin
270
Calcitonin TUMOR TYPE?
Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) and neuroendocrine tumors
271
Calcitonin METHOD?
IA
272
Calcitonin SPECIMEN?
Serum
273
Calcitonin CLINICAL UTILITY?
Screening, response to
therapy, and monitoring recurrence of MTC
274
Screening, response to
therapy, and monitoring recurrence of MTC
Calcitonin
275
Chromogranin A are ____
catecholamines
276
catecholamines are secreted by ___
adrenal medulla
277
what is the hormone for fight or flight response
Catecholamines
278
2 examples of Catecholamines
epinephrine & norepinephrine
279
Chromogranin A TUMOR TYPE?
Pheochromocytoma, neuroblastoma,
carcinoid tumors, small cell lung cancers
280
tumor where there is
autonomous
production of
catecholamines by the
adrenal medulla
Pheochromocytoma
281
Pheochromocytoma is the tumor where there is
_____ production of
_____ by the ____
autonomous
catecholamines
adrenal medulla
282
Chromogranin A METHOD?
ELISA,
RIA
283
Chromogranin A SPECIMEN?
Serum
284
Chromogranin A CLINICAL UTILITY ?
Aid in diagnosis of carcinoid tumors, pheochromocytomas,
and neuroblastomas
285
Chromogranin A aid in diagnosis of ____ , ____,
and ____
carcinoid tumors,
pheochromocytomas,
neuroblastomas
286
Aid in diagnosis of carcinoid
tumors, pheochromocytomas,
and neuroblastomas
Chromogranin A
287
Cortisol is produced by __
adrenal cortex
288
Cortisol TUMOR TYPE
Adrenal tumors
289
Cortisol METHOD?
IA
290
Cortisol SPECIMEN?
Serum or
urine
291
Cortisol CLINICAL UTILITY?
Diagnosis of Cushing’s
syndrome, adrenal adenoma
292
Cortisol is for the Diagnosis of ____, ____
Cushing’s syndrome
adrenal adenoma
293
Gastrin TUMOR TYPE?
Neuroendocrine tumor
294
Gastrin METHOD?
IA
295
Gastrin SPECIMEN?
Serum
296
Gastrin CLINICAL UTILITY?
Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome;
gastrinoma
297
Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome;
gastrinoma
Gastrin
298
Gastrin is for _____; ____
Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome;
gastrinoma
299
Growth hormone (GH) is secreted by the _____
Pituitary gland
300
Growth hormone (GH) TUMOR TYPE?
Pituitary adenoma, ectopic GH-secreting
tumors
301
Growth hormone (GH) METHOD?
IA
302
Growth hormone (GH) SPECIMEN?
Serum
303
Growth hormone (GH) CLINICAL UTILITY?
Diagnosis and post monitoring of
acromegaly
304
Growth hormone (GH) is for the diagnosis and post monitoring of ___
acromegaly
305
For the Diagnosis and post monitory of
acromegaly
Growth hormone (GH)
306
Homovanillic acid (HVA) TUMOR TYPE?
Neuroblastoma,
pheochromocytoma,
paraganglioma
307
Homovanillic acid (HVA) METHOD?
HPLC
308
Homovanillic acid (HVA) SPECIMEN?
24-h urine
309
Homovanillic acid (HVA) CLINICAL UTILITY?
Diagnosis of neuroblastoma
310
Homovanillic acid (HVA) is for the diagnosis of ___
neuroblastoma
311
Diagnosis of neuroblastoma
Homovanillic acid
(HVA)
312
A serotonin metabolite
5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA)
313
serotonin is also known as
happy hormones
314
___ of serotonin is
produced by the
____
90%
intestine
315
5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) TUMOR TYPE?
Carcinoid tumors
316
5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) METHOD?
HPLC
317
5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) SPECIMEN?
24-h urine
318
5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) CLINICAL UTILITY??
Diagnosis of carcinoid tumors
319
5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) is for diagnosis of ____
carcinoid tumors
320
Diagnosis of carcinoid tumors
5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA)
321
Metabolite of catecholamines
Metanephrines (fractionated)
322
Metanephrines (fractionated) TUMOR TYPE?
Pheochromocytoma,
paraganglioma,
neuroblastoma
323
Metanephrines (fractionated) METHOD?
HPLC
324
Metanephrines (fractionated) SPECIMEN?
24-h urine
or plasma
325
Metanephrines (fractionated) CLINICAL UTILITY?
Screening and diagnosis of
pheochromocytoma
326
Metanephrines (fractionated) is for the Screening and diagnosis of
____
pheochromocytoma
327
Screening and diagnosis of
pheochromocytoma
Metanephrines
(fractionated)
328
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is secreted by __
parathyroid gland
329
Parathyroid hormone TUMOR TYPE?
Parathyroid adenoma
330
Parathyroid hormone METHOD
IA
331
Parathyroid hormone SPECIMEN?
Serum
332
Parathyroid hormone CLINICAL UTILITY?
Diagnosis and post-surgical
monitoring of parathyroid
adenoma
333
Parathyroid hormone is for Diagnosis and post-surgical
monitoring of ____
parathyroid adenoma
334
Diagnosis and post-surgical
monitoring of parathyroid
adenoma
Parathyroid hormone
335
Prolactin (PRL) is secreted by __
pituitary gland
336
Prolactin TUMOR TYPE?
Pituitary adenoma
337
Prolactin METHOD?
IA
338
Prolactin SPECIMEN?
Serum
339
Prolactin CLINICAL UTILITY?
Diagnosis and post-surgical
monitoring of prolactinoma
340
Prolactin is for Diagnosis and post-surgical
monitoring of ___
prolactinoma
341
Diagnosis and post-surgical
monitoring of prolactinoma
Prolactin (PRL)
342
Vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) TUMOR TYPE?
Pheochromocytoma,
paraganglioma,
neuroblastoma
343
Vanillylmandelic acid METHOD?
HPLC
344
Vanillylmandelic acid SPECIMEN?
24-h urine
345
Vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) is for Diagnosis of ____
neuroblastoma
346
Diagnosis of neuroblastoma
Vanillylmandelic acid
(VMA)
347
Both of these Endocrine Tumor Markers are
catecholamines metabolized
Homovanillic acid (HVA)
Vanillylmandelic acid (VMA)
348
ACTH
Adrenocorticotropic
Hormone
349
ADH
Antidiuretic Hormone
350
GH
Growth hormone
351
HVA
Homovanillic acid
352
5-HIAA
5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid
353
PTH
Parathyroid hormone
354
PRL
Prolactin
355
VMA
Vanillylmandelic acid
