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[LECT] CC 2 - Finals > [M6] PART 1: Hypothalamus, Pituitary, and Pineal Gland > Flashcards

[M6] PART 1: Hypothalamus, Pituitary, and Pineal Gland Flashcards

1
Q

Controls flow of information between cells and tissues

A

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

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2
Q

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM release ______?

A

hormones

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3
Q

Release hormones

A

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

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4
Q

____ are substances secreted by endocrine glands that convey information to its ______

A

hormones;
target cells

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5
Q

Substances secreted by endocrine glands that convey information to its target cells

A

HORMONES

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6
Q

T/F: Hormone act on all cells

A

F; Hormone does NOT act on all cells, only to those cells with present appropriate cell receptors

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7
Q

Hormone does not act on all cells, only to those cells with present appropriate ____

A

cell receptors

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8
Q

Chemical signals produced by specialized cells secreted into the bloodstream and carried to a target tissue

A

HORMONES

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9
Q

HORMONES are chemical signals produced by _____ secreted into the ____ and carried to a _____

A

specialized cells ;
bloodstream ;
target tissue

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10
Q

target cell with specific cell receptor

A

Target tissue

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11
Q

Substances that act at sites distant from their place of origin

A

HORMONES

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12
Q

Regulates cells and organs to maintain homeostasis.

A

HORMONES

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13
Q

HORMONES regulates ___ and ___ to maintain ____

A

cells ;
organs ;
homeostasis

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14
Q

Examples of hormones that Regulates cells and organs to maintain homeostasis

A

ADH;
Aldosterone

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15
Q

regulates water homeostasis

A

ADH

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16
Q

regulates Sodium homeostasis

A

Aldosterone

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17
Q

Regulated by feedback mechanisms

A

HORMONES

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18
Q

regulates concentration of hormones in the body

A

feedback mechanisms

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19
Q

HORMONES are regulated by ___

A

feedback mechanisms

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20
Q

What are the two actions of hormones

A
  • A regulatory substance
  • Controls body functions
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21
Q

type of hormone action that acts at a distant site from its place of origin

A

ENDOCRINE

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22
Q

type of hormone action that acts on the neighboring cells

A

PARACRINE

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23
Q

type of hormone action that acts on itself

A

AUTOCRINE

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24
Q

type of hormone action that Remain bound to cell membrane and acts to the adjacent cells with cell receptor by cell-to-cell contact

A

JUXTACRINE

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25
Q

JUXTACRINE Remain bound to _____ and acts to the ____ with cell receptor by cell-to-cell contact

A

cell membrane;
adjacent cells;
cell-to-cell contact

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26
Q

type of hormone action that acts inside (within) the cell

A

INTRACRINE

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27
Q

These are hormones that are not produced

A

INTRACRINE

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28
Q

Water soluble and does not require carrier

A

PEPTIDES & PROTEINS

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29
Q

PEPTIDES & PROTEINS are ____ and does not require ___ (_____)

A

water soluble;
carrier ;
transport protein

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30
Q

Synthesized and stored within cells

A

PEPTIDES &
PROTEINS

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31
Q

Give an example of PEPTIDES & PROTEINS

A

Sex Hormones
Growth Hormone

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32
Q

What is the precursor of steroid

A

Lipid (specifically cholesterol)

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33
Q

Involved in regulation of sexual development and characteristics

A

STEROID

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34
Q

Give an example of STEROIDS

A

Aldosterone
Cortisol
SEX HORMONES (Estrogen , Progesterone, Testosterone)
Other androgens

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35
Q

Similar with hormones that are peptide and steroid in nature

A

AMINO ACID
DERIVATIVES

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36
Q

Example of AMINO ACID
DERIVATIVES

A

Catecholamine & Thyroid Hormone

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37
Q

Example of FATTY ACID
DERIVATIVES

A

Eicosanoids

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38
Q

EXAMPLE of Eicosanoids

A

Prostaglandin

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39
Q

Prostaglandin is a ____

A

procoagulants

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40
Q

procoagulants

A

Prostaglandin

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41
Q

What is the hormone transport of Peptide hormones

A

FREE

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42
Q

Peptide hormones are under the FREE hormone transport except from these hormones, which requires transport protein

A

Growth hormone
Insulin-like Growth Factor 1
Insulin-like Growth Factor 2
Vasopressin
Oxytocin

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43
Q

Only ____ hormones have hormonal activity

A

FREE

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44
Q

Only free hormones have ____

A

hormonal activity

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45
Q

What are the hormones under BOUND HORMONE TRANSPORT

A

Steroid, Thyroid Hormones
Amines

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46
Q

Steroid, Thyroid Hormones are bound to:

A

Albumin
Corticosteroid- binding Globulin
Sex Hormone-binding Globulin
Thyroxine-binding Globulin

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47
Q

Amines are bound to

A

Serum Proteins
Thyroxine-Binding Globulin

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48
Q

Type of hormone transport that uses transport proteins

A

BOUND

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49
Q

Type of hormone transports that exhibit hormonal activity when separated with their transport proteins

A

BOUND

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50
Q

Enumerate all the hormone producing glands

A

HYPOTHALAMUS
PITUITARY
PINEAL
THYROID
PARATHYROID
ADRENAL
PANCREAS
OVARIES
TESTIS

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51
Q

HYPOTHALAMUS is responsible for: (5)

A

Sleep
Thirst
Hunger
Mood
Sex drive

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52
Q

Responsible for:
Sleep
Thirst
Hunger
Mood
Sex drive

A

HYPOTHALAMUS

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53
Q

HYPOTHALAMUS Secretes ____; May be ____ hormone or _____ hormone

A

regulating hormone;
releasing ;
inhibitory

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54
Q

Secretes regulating hormone

A

HYPOTHALAMUS

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55
Q

Majority of its hormones acts on another gland

A

PITUITARY

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56
Q

PITUITARY is also called as

A

Master Gland

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57
Q

Controls other endocrine gland and makes the hormones that triggers growth;

A

PITUITARY

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58
Q

PITUITARY ____ other endocrine gland and makes the hormones that triggers ____; By production of other stimulating hormone, called as ______

A

Controls ;
growth;
Tropic Hormones

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59
Q

Pituitary gland releases ___, stimulating the ____ secreting its hormone, in response to the ____ produced by the Pituitary gland

A

TSH;
Thyroid gland ;
hormone ;
Pituitary gland

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60
Q

Secretes melatonin

A

PINEAL

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61
Q

PINEAL Secretes ____

A

melatonin

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62
Q

hormone important for sleep cycle

A

melatonin

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63
Q

Secretes hormones associated with Calorie-burning and heart rate

A

THYROID

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64
Q

THYROID Secretes hormones associated with ____ and ____

A

Calorie-burning ;
heart rate

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65
Q

Secretes parathyroid hormones that is essential for Calcium & Phosphate homeostasis

A

PARATHYROID

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66
Q

PARATHYROID Secretes _____ that is essential for ___ & ____

A

parathyroid hormones;
Calcium ;
Phosphate homeostasis

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67
Q

Secretes Sex-drive hormones & stress hormones

A

ADRENAL

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68
Q

ADRENAL Secretes ____ & ____

A

Sex-drive hormones;
stress hormones

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69
Q

Secretes insulin

A

PANCREAS

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70
Q

PANCREAS Secretes ____

A

insulin

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71
Q

for glucose homeostasis

A

insulin

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72
Q

Pancreas may be ____ & ____

A

Exocrine
Endocrine

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73
Q

Exocrine secrets ____

A

enzymes

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74
Q

Endocrine secretes _____

A

hormone

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75
Q

OVARIES secretes:

A
  • Female sex hormones (Progesterone & Estrogen)
  • Testosterone
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76
Q

TESTIS Secretes ____ (______)

A

Male sex hormones;
Testosterone

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77
Q

Secretes Male sex hormones (Testosterone)

A

TESTIS

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78
Q

FEEDBACK MECHANISM is aka

A

FEEDBACK LOOP

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79
Q

EXAMPLE/NAME of the FEEDBACK MECHANISM/FEEDBACK LOOP

A

“Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroidal Axis”

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80
Q

Hypothalamus secretes______ (____/ ____)

A

regulatory hormones (releasing/ inhibitory)

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81
Q

In case of Thyroid: Hypothalamus secretes ______

A

Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH)

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82
Q

What is the action of Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH)

A

direct towards Pituitary gland

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83
Q

direct towards Pituitary gland

A

Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH)

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84
Q

Stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete a tropic hormone

A

Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH)

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85
Q

tropic hormone

A

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

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86
Q

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone is aka

A

thyrotropin

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87
Q

Stimulates the Thyroid gland to produce Thyroid hormone

A

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) aka “thyrotropin”

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88
Q

Majority of the endocrine functions are regulated through the ___. In which the secretion of Pituitary is regulated/ controlled by _____

A

Pituitary gland ;
Hypothalamus

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89
Q

The amount of substance in a system regulates its own concentration

A

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

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90
Q

Hormone Production

A

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

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91
Q

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK:

Hormone Production:
- It involves the 2 glands: _____ & ____

  • Most of the time, when the ______ secretes hormone, it is stimulated/ controlled by the _____ & ____
A

Hypothalamus
Pituitary

Peripheral glands
hypothalamus & pituitary gland

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92
Q

EXAMPLES of Peripheral glands

A

adrenal, thyroid, parathyroid, pineal, gonads

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93
Q

Hormones released by an endocrine gland induces more stimulating hormones to be released

A

POSITIVE FEEDBACK

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94
Q

T/F: In POSITIVE FEEDBACK, The more hormone is secrete, the more action is present (increase hormone production)

A

T

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95
Q

Example hormone in positive feedback

A

Oxytocin

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96
Q

Acts on the uterus

A

Oxytocin

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97
Q

produce uterine contraction

A

Oxytocin

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98
Q

↑ oxytocin = ____ contraction until it meets ___

A

↑
parturition

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99
Q

Process of giving birth or “labor”

A

parturition

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100
Q

parturition is the process of ___ or “___”

A

giving birth;
labor

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101
Q

Type of Feedback loop:

Association between Pituitary and target gland

A

Short Feedback Loop

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102
Q

Short Feedback Loop is associated with how many hormones

A

2

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103
Q

Short Feedback Loop:

Associated 2 hormones:
- Hormone secreted by ____
- Hormone secreted by ____

A

pituitary ;
target gland

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104
Q

Type of Feedback loop:

Association between Hypothalamus, Pituitary and Target gland

A

Long Feedback Loop

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105
Q

Long Feedback Loop: Association between ___,___ and _____

A

Hypothalamus, Pituitary and Target gland

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106
Q

Long Feedback Loop is associated with how many hormones

A

3

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107
Q

Long Feedback Loop:

Associated 3 hormones:
- Hormone secreted by the ___
- Hormone secreted by ___
- Hormone secreted by _____

A

hypothalamus ;
pituitary ;
target gland

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108
Q

Type of Feedback loop:

Association between Hypothalamus and Pituitary gland

A

Ultrashort Feedback Loop

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109
Q

Ultrashort Feedback Loop: Association between ____ and _____

A

Hypothalamus ;
Pituitary gland

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110
Q

Ultrashort Feedback Loop is associated with how many hormones

A

2

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111
Q

Ultrashort Feedback Loop:

Associated 2 hormones:
- Hormone secreted by ____
- Hormone secreted by ____

A

pituitary;
hypothalamus

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112
Q

MODULATION OF HORMONE LEVELS

A
  1. HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-END ORGAN
    SYSTEM
  2. FREE-STANDING ENDOCRINE GLAND SYSTEM
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113
Q

HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-END ORGAN
SYSTEM
Regulation: ____

A

CNS input

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114
Q

signal sent by the peripheral gland to the hypothalamus

A

CNS input

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115
Q

Releasing hormone in HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-END ORGAN SYSTEM

A

Hypothalamus

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116
Q

Tropic/Stimulating hormone in HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-END ORGAN SYSTEM

A

Pituitary

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117
Q

hormone in HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-END ORGAN SYSTEM

A

Peripheral Glands

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118
Q

EFFECT in HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-END ORGAN SYSTEM

A

Target cell

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119
Q

Target cell in HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-END ORGAN
SYSTEM must have its appropriate _____

A

cell receptor

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120
Q

Depends on the substance regulated by the hormone

A

Varied Input

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121
Q

Example of Varied Input in FREE-STANDING ENDOCRINE GLAND SYSTEM

A

Insulin

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122
Q

Hormone in FREE-STANDING ENDOCRINE GLAND SYSTEM

A

Free-Standing Endocrine Gland

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123
Q

EFFECT in FREE-STANDING ENDOCRINE GLAND SYSTEM

A

Target cell

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124
Q

Mount a response to a give hormone

A

TARGET ORGAN

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125
Q

Express appropriate cognate hormone receptor

A

TARGET ORGAN

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126
Q

Hormone receptors that is For Insulin, Growth Hormone, Prolactin, Lectin, Catecholamine

A

Cell Surface Receptors

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127
Q

Cell Surface Receptors is a type of Hormone Receptors for ____, ____, ____, ____, ______

A

Insulin, Growth Hormone, Prolactin, Lectin, Catecholamine

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128
Q

hunger hormone secreted by adipocytes

A

Lectin

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129
Q

Lectin is a ____ hormone secreted by ____ (____)

A

hunger ;
adipocytes ;
fat cells

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130
Q

Type of Hormone Receptor that is For steroid hormones & thyroid hormones

A

Intracellular Receptors

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131
Q

Intracellular Receptors are for ____ & ___

A

steroid hormones & thyroid hormones

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132
Q

Type of Hormone Receptor for estrogen & progestins

A

Multiple Receptors

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133
Q

Multiple Receptors is for ____ & ___

A

estrogen & progestins

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134
Q

Portion of the brain located in the walls and floor of the third ventricle (above pituitary gland)

A

HYPOTHALAMUS

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135
Q

HYPOTHALAMUS is the portion of the brain located in the ___ and floor of the ____ (______)

A

walls ;
third ventricle ;
(above pituitary gland)

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136
Q

Connected to the posterior pituitary gland by pituitary stalk/infundibulum

A

HYPOTHALAMUS

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137
Q

HYPOTHALAMUS is connected to the______ by _____/____

A

posterior pituitary
pituitary stalk/infundibulum

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138
Q

T/F HYPOTHALAMUS is part of the negative feedback loop

A

T

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139
Q

T/F: Majority of hypothalamic function has an indirect effect on the pituitary gland

A

F; DIRECT EFFECT

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140
Q

Secreted releasing and inhibiting factors/hormones

A

HYPOTHALAMUS

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141
Q

HYPOTHALAMUS Secretes ____ and ____ factors/hormones

A

releasing ;
inhibiting

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142
Q

What are the Releasing hormones secreted by the Hypothalamus (5)

A

Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone
Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone
Corticotropin Releasing Hormone
Prolactin Releasing Factor

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143
Q

What are the Inhibiting hormones secreted by the Hypothalamus (4)

A

Prolactin Inhibitory Factor
Vasopressin
Oxytocin
Somatostatin

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144
Q

Literally means spit mucus

A

PITUITARY GLAND

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145
Q

PITUITARY GLAND literally means _____

A

spit mucus

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146
Q

T/F the reason why pituitary gland literally means spit mucus is because it is believed that mucus secreted by pituitary is necessary for growth

A

T

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147
Q

PITUITARY GLAND is AKA

A

hypophysis

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148
Q

pituitary gland is aka ____ because it is located underneath the____

A

hypophysis
hypothalamus

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149
Q

PITUITARY GLAND is previously referred to as _____

A

Master Gland

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150
Q

PITUITARY GLAND is presently referred to as ______

A

Transponders

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151
Q

They translate the CNS input from the hypothalamus into a hormonal product

A

Transponders (PITUITARY GLAND)

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152
Q

PITUITARY GLAND is located at the base of the ____ in the pocket of the ____

A

skull ;
sphenoid bone

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153
Q

sphenoid bone is aka ____ or ____

A

“sella turcica” or “turkish saddle’

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154
Q

“sella turcica” or “turkish saddle’

A

sphenoid bone

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155
Q

Three parts of PITUITARY GLAND

A

Anterior Pituitary Gland
Posterior Pituitary Gland
Intermediate Lobe

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156
Q

Anterior Pituitary Gland is aka

A

adenohypophysis

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157
Q

Largest portion of pituitary gland

A

Anterior Pituitary Gland (adenohypophysis)

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158
Q

Secrets and produce hormones

A

Anterior Pituitary Gland (adenohypophysis)

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159
Q

Posterior Pituitary Gland is aka

A

Neurohypophysis

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160
Q

Never produce hormones, but secret hormones

A

Posterior Pituitary Gland (Neurohypophysis)

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161
Q

Storage site of vasopressin & oxytocin

A

Posterior Pituitary Gland (Neurohypophysis)

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162
Q

Posterior Pituitary Gland (Neurohypophysis) is the storage site of ____ & ____

A

vasopressin & oxytocin

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163
Q

Intermediate Lobe is aka

A

Pars intermedialis

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164
Q

Poorly-developed among human

A

Intermediate Lobe (Pars intermedialis)

165
Q

T/F: Intermediate Lobe (Pars intermedialis) has no any function

A

T

166
Q

Mistaken as nodules or benign cysts

A

Intermediate Lobe (Pars intermedialis)

167
Q

What are the different anterior pituitary glands (6)

A
  • Growth Hormone
  • Prolactin
  • Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
  • Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH)
  • Thyroid-stimulating Hormone (TSH)
  • Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
168
Q

Specialized cell that secretes GH

A

somatotrophs

169
Q

has ⅓ of total pituitary weighT

A

somatotrophs

170
Q

somatotrophs has ___ of total pituitary weight

A

⅓

171
Q

Specialized cell that secretes Prolactin

A

lactotrophs

172
Q

Specialized cell that secretes Luteinizing Hormone (LH) and Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

A

gonadotrophs

173
Q

Specialized cell that secretes Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

A

thyrotrophs

174
Q

Specialized cell that secretes Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

A

corticotrophs

175
Q

directly acts on peripheral tissues

A

Direct Effector Hormone

176
Q

Give an example of Direct Effector Hormone

A

Growth Hormone
Prolactin

177
Q

Give an example of Tropic Hormone/ Stimulating Hormone

A

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

178
Q

acts on another endocrine gland

A

Tropic Hormone/ Stimulating Hormone

179
Q

aka “somatotropin”

A

Growth Hormone

180
Q

Growth Hormone is aka ____

A

somatotropin

181
Q

cells that synthesize growth hormone

A

Somatotrophs

182
Q

Most abundant hormone secreted by pituitary gland

A

Growth Hormone

183
Q

Growth Hormone is Structurally similar with ____ & _____

A

prolactin;
human placental lactogen

184
Q

The growth hormone release is STIMULATED BY: ___

A

Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone

185
Q

The growth hormone release is INHIBITED BY: ___

A

Somatostatin

186
Q

Growth Hormone:

Secretion: in ____

A

pulses

187
Q

GH

Average pulse interval: ____

A

2-3 hours in between in pulse/ secretion

188
Q

GH

Most reproducible peak: ____

A

onset of sleep

189
Q

GH directly acts to the ____; stimulating it to produce _____ which is Essential for _____

A

liver;
growth factors ;
linear growth

190
Q

Production of Growth Hormone is heavily modulated by ______

A

GHRELIN

191
Q

Enteric hormone

A

GHRELIN

192
Q

GHRELIN is an enteric hormone which plays an important role in _____, ____, _____

A

Nutrient sensing
Appetite
Glucose regulation

193
Q

Potent stimulator of growth hormone receptors

A

GHRELIN

194
Q

Method used for GH

A

Chemiluminescence Immunoassay

195
Q

Reference Value of GH

A

<7 ng/mL (at fasting state)

196
Q

MODIFIERS OF GH SECRETION

Enumerate the stimulations

A

Sleep (deep sleep)
Exercise
Physiologic stress
Amino acids
Hypoglycemia
Sex steroids
⍺-agonist
β-blockers

197
Q

MODIFIERS OF GH SECRETION (STIMULATION)

Major contributor

A

Deep sleep

198
Q

MODIFIERS OF GH SECRETION (STIMULATION)

Shows markedly ↑ level

A

Deep sleep

199
Q

MODIFIERS OF GH SECRETION (STIMULATION)

Example of amino acids

A

Arginine

200
Q

MODIFIERS OF GH SECRETION (STIMULATION)

Example of sex steroids

A

Estradiol

201
Q

MODIFIERS OF GH SECRETION (STIMULATION)

Examples of ⍺-agonist

A

norepinephrine

202
Q

MODIFIERS OF GH SECRETION (STIMULATION)

Examples of β-blockers

A

propranolol

203
Q

MODIFIERS OF GH SECRETION

Enumerate the Inhibition

A

After Glucose loading
β-agonist
⍺-blockers
Emotional/psychogenic stress
Nutritional deficiencies
Insulin deficiency
Thyroxine deficiency

204
Q

MODIFIERS OF GH SECRETION (INHIBITION)

Example of β-agonist

A

epinephrine

205
Q

MODIFIERS OF GH SECRETION (INHIBITION)

Examples of ⍺-blockers

A

phentolamine

206
Q

Factors in the modifiers of GH secretion that stimulates an increase in glucose

A

Physiologic stress
Amino acids
Hypoglycemia

207
Q

Growth hormones are what type of hormone?

A

Amphibolic hormone

208
Q

directly influences anabolic & catabolic processes

A

Amphibolic hormone

209
Q

requires energy

A

Anabolic

210
Q

produces energy

A

Catabolic

211
Q

T/F: In catabolic process, it does not require energy

A

FALSE: it still requires energy

212
Q

Allows individual to effective transition from fed state to fasting state (without experiencing shortage of substrate or biochemical processes)

A

Action of GH Hormone

213
Q

Allows individual to effective transition from ______ to _______ (without experiencing shortage of ______ or ________)

A

Fed state to fasting state
substrate
biochemical processes

214
Q

Insulin antagonist

A

Action of GH

215
Q

Promotes hepatic gluconeogenesis

A

Action of GH

216
Q

ACTION OF GH

Promotes ________

A

Promotes hepatic gluconeogenesis

217
Q

formation of glucose from other non-CHO sources

A

hepatic gluconeogenesis

218
Q

Stimulates lipolysis

A

Action of GH

219
Q

ACTION OF GH

Stimulates _____

A

Lipolysis

220
Q

Example of lipolysis

A

TAG

221
Q

a.k.a Insulin-Like Growth Factors (IGF)

A

Somatomedins

222
Q

Somatomedins’ new name

A

Insulin-Like Growth Factors (IGF)

223
Q

Growth factor secreted by the liver

A

Somatomedins

224
Q

Somatomedins are GH secreted by the ___

A

Liver

225
Q

Structurally similar to insulin

A

Somatomedins

226
Q

Somatomedins are structurally similar to ___

A

Insulin

227
Q

Example of Somatomedins

A

Somatomedin C

228
Q

Aka Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1

A

Somatomedin C

229
Q

Major GF induced by growth hormone

A

Somatomedin C

230
Q

Biologic amplifier of GH levels

A

Somatomedin C

231
Q

Bound to IGFBP-3

A

Somatomedin C

232
Q

Somatomedin C are bound to ___

A

IGFBP-3

233
Q

What is the transport protein of Somatomedin C

A

Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein-3 (IGFBP-3)

234
Q

Enumerate the conditions where there is an INCREASE in GH

A

Acromegaly
Gigantism
Chronic malnutrition
Renal disease
Cirrhosis
Sepsis

235
Q

Enumerate the conditions where there is an DECREASE in GH

A

Idiopathic growth hormone deficiency (children)
Pituitary adenoma (adults)

236
Q

Which condition in decreased in GH is seen in children?

A

Idiopathic growth hormone deficiency (children)

237
Q

Which condition in decreased GH is seen in adults?

A

Pituitary adenoma (adults)

238
Q

↑GH + closed epiphyseal plate = _______

A

Acromegaly

239
Q

Diffused overgrowth/ lateral growth

A

Acromegaly

240
Q

↑GH + open epiphyseal plate = _____

A

Gigantism

241
Q

longitudinal / lateral growth

A

Gigantism

242
Q

Pathologic or autonomous GH excess

A

Acromegaly

243
Q

T/F: In Acromegaly, Regardless of GHRH, there is autonomous production of GH

A

True

244
Q

Progressive enlargement of hands, feet, facial bones, mandible bones of the skull

A

Acromegaly

245
Q

In Acromegaly, there is an progressive enlargement of _____, ___, ________, ________ of the ____

A

hands
feet
facial bones
mandible bones of the skull

246
Q

Diffused growth/lateral growth

A

Acromegaly

247
Q

Glucose intolerance or overt diabetes

A

Acromegaly

248
Q

Symptoms of Acromegaly

A

Excessive sweating
Heat intolerance

249
Q

In advance cases of acromegaly, present significant gaps in between _____

A

Teeth

250
Q

Occurs if GH level is: >50 ng/mL

A

Acromegaly

251
Q

Acromegaly occurs if GH level is: _________

A

> 50 ng/mL

252
Q

TESTS for Acromegaly

Screening:

A

Somatomedin C or IGF-1 (measurement)

253
Q

(high/low) somatomedin C = acromegaly

A

High

254
Q

autonomous production of somatomedin C

A

Hepatoma

255
Q

TESTS for Acromegaly

Confirmatory

A

Oral Glucose Loading (OGTT)

256
Q

OGTT

Patient Prep:

A

Overnight fasting

257
Q

In overnight fasting

(dec/inc)
GLU: __
GH: ___

A

GLU: dec
GH: Inc

258
Q

OGTT

Glucose Load ____

A

100g oral glucose load

259
Q

OGTT (GLUCOSE LOAD)

(↑ GLU = ↓ GH) - ______

A

Normal case

260
Q

OGTT (GLUCOSE LOAD)

(↑ GLU = ↑ GH) - ______

A

Acromegaly

261
Q

OGTT

Blood collection how many times

A

Thrice

262
Q

OGTT (BLOOD COLLECTION)

Hours interval

A

0, 1hr, 2hr

263
Q

OGTT

In normal cases: after glucose loading, glucose level must be _______

A

undetectable

264
Q

TESTS for GH deficiency

A

Insulin-induced Hypoglycemia
Combination infusions of GHRH and L-arginine
L-arginine + oral L-DOPA infusion

265
Q

Previous gold standard to diagnose GH deficiency

A

Insulin-induced Hypoglycemia

266
Q

Insulin-induced Hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia

Normal: (inc/dec) GH
GH Deficiency: (inc/dec) GH

A

Normal: ↑ GH
GH Deficiency: ↓ GH

267
Q

TESTS FOR GH DEF

<3 ng/mL - ____

A

GH deficient

268
Q

TESTS FOR GH DEF

_____ - GH defecient

A

<3 ng/mL

269
Q

TESTS FOR GH DEF

3-5 ng/mL - ____________________

A

least likely to have GH deficiency

270
Q

TESTS FOR GH DEF

________ - least likely to have GH deficiency

A

3-5 ng/mL

271
Q

Stress hormone

A

Prolactin

272
Q

Vital function in reproduction

A

Prolactin

273
Q

PROLACTIN

Vital function in ______

A

reproduction

274
Q

Initiation and maintenance of lactation

A

Prolactin

275
Q

PROLACTIN

Initiation and maintenance of ______

A

lactation

276
Q

PROLACTIN (RELEASE)

Stimulated by:

A

Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone
Estrogen

277
Q

PROLACTIN (RELEASE)

Inhibited by:

A

Dopamine

278
Q

Prolactin Inhibitory Factor

A

Dopamine

279
Q

PROLACTIN

Regulation:

A

Tonic Inhibition

280
Q

↑ Prolactin = stimulate release of _____

A

Dopamine

281
Q

T/F: The regulation of Prolactin via tonic inhibition Inhibits the production of Prolactin

A

True

282
Q

Enumerate factors where there is increase in Prolactin

A

Medications
Tumors (prolactinoma)
Trauma & Inflammation
Exhibit hypogonadism

283
Q

Condition where there if ↓ FSH & ↓ LH

A

Hypogonadism

284
Q

necessary for ovulation

A

LH

285
Q

↑ Prolactin = inability to _____

A

ovulate

286
Q

Occurs among postpartum lactating women with no ovulation or menstruation

A

hypogonadism

287
Q

HYPOGONADISM

Occurs among _______ women with no _____ or _______

A

postpartum lactating women
ovulation or menstruation

288
Q

PROLACTIN

RV
Male: ____

A

1-20 ng/mL

289
Q

PROLACTIN

RV
Female: ____

A

1-25 ng/mL

290
Q

PROLACTIN

Highest Level: ______

A

during sleep

291
Q

Highest level of Prolactin is exhibited during sleep at what time?

A

4pm - 8am

292
Q

In some books, highest level of Prolactin is exhibited during sleep at what time?

A

8pm - 10am

293
Q

Method used in Prolactin

A

Immunometric assay

294
Q

Autonomous secretion of prolactin due to pituitary tumor

A

Prolactinoma

295
Q

PROLACTINOMA

Autonomous secretion of prolactin due to ______

A

pituitary tumor

296
Q

Most common type of functional pituitary tumor

A

Prolactinoma

297
Q

PROLACTINOMA

Most common type of ______

A

functional pituitary tumor

298
Q

PROLACTINOMA

Manifestation:
Elderly: _____

A

hypogonadism, osteoporosis

299
Q

PROLACTINOMA

Manifestation:
Premenopausal: _____

A

amenorrhea
infertility
galactorrhea
breast discharge

300
Q

PROLACTINOMA

Manifestation:
Men/Postmenopausal: _____

A

Pituitary mass
Reduced libido
Erectile dysfunction

301
Q

PROLACTINOMA

Prolactin Level: ___

A

> 150 ng/mL

302
Q

PROLACTINOMA

> 200 ng/mL - causes _______

A

Anovulation

303
Q

PROLACTINOMA

_______ - causes Anovulation

A

> 200 ng/mL

304
Q

cessation of ovulation among women

A

anovulation

305
Q

↑ Prolactin = promotes _____

A

lactation

306
Q

normal prolactin but women is lactating

A

Idiopathic galactorrhea

307
Q

appears on women who had several pregnancies

A

Idiopathic galactorrhea

308
Q

Medications (Hyperprolactinemia)

Dopamine antagonists

A

Phenothiazines
Butyrophenones
Metoclopramide
Reserpine
Tricyclic antidepressants
Alpha-methyldopa

309
Q

Tropic Pituitary Hormone

Enumerate

A

Gonadotrophs (FSH, LH)
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

310
Q

Markers in diagnosing fertility and menstrual cycle disorder

A

Gonadotrophs (FSH, LH)

311
Q

Gonadotrophs (FSH, LH)

Markers in diagnosing ___ and _____

A

fertility
menstrual cycle disorder

312
Q

Gonadotrophs (FSH, LH)

Increased (FSH): diagnostic clue for _______

A

premature menopause

313
Q

Gonadotrophs (FSH, LH)

Increased (FSH, LH): seen in ___________ ((inc/dec) estrogen)

A

post-menopausal women
↓ estrogen

314
Q

Gonadotrophs (FSH, LH)

MEN
FSH: aids in ____

A

spermatogenesis

315
Q

Gonadotrophs (FSH, LH)

MEN
LH: helps the ______ to secrete & produce _____

A

Leydig cells
testosterone

316
Q

Gonadotrophs (FSH, LH)

WOMEN
LH: necessary for _____

A

ovulation

317
Q

Regulates thyroid hormone production

A

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

318
Q

Main stimulus for the uptake of iodide by thyroid gland

A

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

319
Q

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Main stimulus for the uptake of _____ by thyroid gland

A

iodide

320
Q

Acts to increase the number and size of follicular cells

A

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

321
Q

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Acts to increase the number and size of ______

A

follicular cells

322
Q

Thyroid hormone requires _____ for production with the help of ____ (papasukin sa ______ of thyroid gland

A

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Iodide
TSH
Follicular cells

323
Q

Produced in response to low plasma cortisol

A

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

324
Q

Regulator of adrenal androgen synthesis

A

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

325
Q

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

Regulator of _____________________

A

adrenal androgen synthesis

326
Q

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

Specimen should be collected on what tube

A

plastic tub with EDTA

327
Q

ACTH

Glass tubes are not allowed because ________________________________________ = false ↓ ACTH

A

ACTH adheres to the tube glass walls

328
Q

ACTH

Best time to collect: _____

A

8 - 10 am

329
Q

ACTH Exhibits _____

A

Diurnal rhythm

330
Q

ACTH DIRUNAL RHYTHM

Highest conc.: ______

A

6am - 8am

331
Q

ACTH DIRUNAL RHYTHM

Lowest conc.: ________

A

6pm - 11pm

332
Q

Estrogen is under (positive/negative) feedback loop

A

negative feedback loop

333
Q

Giving signal to hypothalamus

A

Negative feedback loop

334
Q

ESTROGEN

Hypothalamus will increase _____

A

GnRH (Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone)

335
Q

ESTROGEN

Pituitary gland will secrete ___ and ____

A

FSH and LH

336
Q

ESTROGEN

FSH and LH will act on the ____ to produce estrogen

A

gonads

337
Q

HYPOPITUITARISM

Complete pituitary function loss

A

Panhypopituitarism

338
Q

HYPOPITUITARISM

Loss of only single pituitary hormone

A

Monotropic Hormone Deficiency

339
Q

HYPOPITUITARISM

Postpartum ischemic necrosis of pituitary

A

Sheehan’s Syndrome

340
Q

HYPOPITUITARISM

Failure to lactate

A

Sheehan’s Syndrome

341
Q

HYPOPITUITARISM

Idiopathic hypopituitarism

A

Kallman’s Syndrome

342
Q

HYPOPITUITARISM

​​Loss of pituitary functions

A

Kallman’s Syndrome

343
Q

aka neurohypophysis

A

POSTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND

344
Q

Posterior pituitary gland a.k.a

A

Neurohypophysis

345
Q

Storage region for vasopressin and oxytocin

A

POSTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND

346
Q

Produced by the supraoptic & paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus

A

vasopressin and oxytocin

347
Q

vasopressin and oxytocin are produced by the _____ and _____ nuclei of the hypothalamus

A

Supraoptic
Paraventicular

348
Q

Never produce hormones but secretes hormones from the hypothalamus

A

POSTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND

349
Q

Synthesized by paraventricular nuclei

A

Oxytocin

350
Q

Oxytocin is synthesized by ____

A

paraventricular nuclei

351
Q

Critical role in lactation

A

Oxytocin

352
Q

Oxytocin

Clinical role in

A

lactation

353
Q

Major role in labor and parturition

A

Oxytocin

354
Q

OXYTOCIN

Major role in ____ and _____

A

labor
parturition

355
Q

Released in neural stimulation of receptors in the birth canal, uterus and breasts (touch receptors)

A

Oxytocin

356
Q

OXYTOCIN

Released in neural stimulation of receptors in the ______, ______ and _______ (touch receptors)

A

birth canal
uterus
breasts

357
Q

↑ oxytocin = (inc/dec) uterine contraction

A

Inc

358
Q

high uterine contraction is also called as

A

Fergusson reflex

359
Q

↑ oxytocin = ↑ uterine contraction induces

A

labor/parturition

360
Q

Example of positive feedback mechanism

A

↑ oxytocin = ↑ uterine contraction

361
Q

aka ADH or Vasopressin-Arginine Hormone

A

Vasopressin

362
Q

Regulates water homeostasis (water reabsorption in the collecting duct)

A

vasopressin

363
Q

Vasopressin regulates ________ (water reabsorption in the ________)

A

water homeostasis
collecting duct

364
Q

Stimulates factor VII and vWF

A

Vasopressin

365
Q

Vasopressin stimulates factor ___ and ____

A

VII (stable factor or proconvertin)
vWF (von Willebrand factor)

366
Q

Synthesized by the magnicellular neurons of the supraoptic

A

Vasopressin

367
Q

Vasopressin is synthesized by the ________ of the supraoptic

A

magnicellular neurons

368
Q

Vasopressin

RV: ______

A

0.5 - 2 pg/uL

369
Q

Structure is similar with oxytocin

A

Vasopressin

370
Q

Vasopressin is similar in structure as ____

A

Oxytocin

371
Q

Inhibits urine output/ urination

A

Vasopressin

372
Q

Vasopressin inhibits _______

A

urine output/ urination

373
Q

↑ ADH = (inc/dec) urine output

A

dec

374
Q

↑ ADH = ↓ urine output (Ex. _______)

A

Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone release (SIADH)

375
Q

↓ ADH = (inc/dec) urine output

A

Inc

376
Q

↓ ADH = ↑ urine output (Ex: ___)

A

Diabetes Insipidus

377
Q

2 types of Diabetes Insipidus

A

Nephrogenic DI
Neurogenic DI

378
Q

Polyuria (resistance of kidneys to ADH)

A

Nepthrogenic DI

379
Q

No receptors present

A

Nephrogenic DI

380
Q

Normal ADH

A

Nephrogenic DI

381
Q

DI

With milder symptoms

A

Nephrogenic DI

382
Q

“True diabetes insipidus”

A

Neurogenic DI

383
Q

case with low ADH; there is polyuria

A

Neurogenic DI

384
Q

Neurogenic DI a.k.a (3)

A

Hypothalamic diabetes insipidus”
Central diabetic insipidus
Cranial diabetes insipidus

385
Q

Symptoms of Diabetes Insipidus

A

ADH deficiency
Severe polyuria
Polydipsia
Occasional polyphagia

386
Q

excessive urine output

A

Severe polyuria

387
Q

SYMPTOMS OF DI

Severe polyuria
(hyperosmotic or hypoosmotic blood)

A

Hyperosmotic blood

388
Q

When there is severe polyuria and your blood is hyperosmotic, the body’s response are:

A

Thirst
ADH secretion

389
Q

Definitive test for Diabetes Insipidus

A

Overnight Water Deprivation Test

390
Q

Overnight Water Deprivation Test

Patient prep: ______

A

8-12 hours fasting (without water intake)

391
Q

No water intake = ___________________ = (inc/dec) ADH

A

Hyperosmotic Blood
↑ ADH

392
Q

In Normal Overnight water deprivation test ____

A

↑ ADH

393
Q

Overnight Water Deprivation Test

DI: ______ (↓ ADH)

A

≤30 mOsm/kg (↓ADH)

394
Q

aka “conarium” or “epiphysis cerebri”

A

PINEAL GLAND

395
Q

PINEAL GLAND is a.k.a

A

conarium
epiphysis cerebri

396
Q

Termed as pineal due to its pine cone shape

A

Pineal gland

397
Q

Attached to the midbrain

A

Pineal gland

398
Q

Pineal gland is attached to the ____

A

midbrain

399
Q

Secretes melatonin

A

Pineal gland

400
Q

Pineal gland secretes

A

Melatonin

401
Q

Essential for sleep cycle
Decrease skin pigmentation

A

Melatonin

402
Q

Secretion is controlled by nerve stimuli

A

Pineal gland

403
Q

The secretion of melatonin in the pineal gland is controlled by ____

A

nerve stimuli

404
Q

Release of melatonin is stimulates at ____

A

dark

405
Q

Presence of light: production of melatonin is _____

A

inhibited

406
Q

Melatonin exhibits _______

A

Circadian Rhythm

407
Q

At night: human is ____ (melatonin is produced)

A

inaantok

408
Q

Using cellphone at dark: melatonin is ______

A

inhibited

[LECT] CC 2 - Finals (9 decks)

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