[M6] PART 1: Hypothalamus, Pituitary, and Pineal Gland Flashcards by Marlo Roque

Controls flow of information between cells and tissues

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM release ______?

hormones

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Release hormones

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

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____ are substances secreted by endocrine glands that convey information to its ______

hormones;
target cells

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Substances secreted by endocrine glands that convey information to its target cells

HORMONES

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T/F: Hormone act on all cells

F; Hormone does NOT act on all cells, only to those cells with present appropriate cell receptors

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Hormone does not act on all cells, only to those cells with present appropriate ____

cell receptors

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Chemical signals produced by specialized cells secreted into the bloodstream and carried to a target tissue

HORMONES

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HORMONES are chemical signals produced by _____ secreted into the ____ and carried to a _____

specialized cells ;
bloodstream ;
target tissue

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target cell with specific cell receptor

Target tissue

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Substances that act at sites distant from their place of origin

HORMONES

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Regulates cells and organs to maintain homeostasis.

HORMONES

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HORMONES regulates ___ and ___ to maintain ____

cells ;
organs ;
homeostasis

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Examples of hormones that Regulates cells and organs to maintain homeostasis

ADH;
Aldosterone

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regulates water homeostasis

ADH

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regulates Sodium homeostasis

Aldosterone

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Regulated by feedback mechanisms

HORMONES

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regulates concentration of hormones in the body

feedback mechanisms

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HORMONES are regulated by ___

feedback mechanisms

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What are the two actions of hormones

A regulatory substance
Controls body functions

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type of hormone action that acts at a distant site from its place of origin

ENDOCRINE

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type of hormone action that acts on the neighboring cells

PARACRINE

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type of hormone action that acts on itself

AUTOCRINE

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type of hormone action that Remain bound to cell membrane and acts to the adjacent cells with cell receptor by cell-to-cell contact

JUXTACRINE

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JUXTACRINE Remain bound to _____ and acts to the ____ with cell receptor by cell-to-cell contact

cell membrane; adjacent cells; cell-to-cell contact

type of hormone action that acts inside (within) the cell

INTRACRINE

These are hormones that are not produced

INTRACRINE

Water soluble and does not require carrier

PEPTIDES & PROTEINS

PEPTIDES & PROTEINS are ____ and does not require ___ (_____)

water soluble; carrier ; transport protein

Synthesized and stored within cells

PEPTIDES & PROTEINS

Give an example of PEPTIDES & PROTEINS

Sex Hormones Growth Hormone

What is the precursor of steroid

Lipid (specifically cholesterol)

Involved in regulation of sexual development and characteristics

STEROID

Give an example of STEROIDS

Aldosterone Cortisol SEX HORMONES (Estrogen , Progesterone, Testosterone) Other androgens

Similar with hormones that are peptide and steroid in nature

AMINO ACID DERIVATIVES

Example of AMINO ACID DERIVATIVES

Catecholamine & Thyroid Hormone

Example of FATTY ACID DERIVATIVES

Eicosanoids

EXAMPLE of Eicosanoids

Prostaglandin

Prostaglandin is a ____

procoagulants

Prostaglandin

What is the hormone transport of Peptide hormones

FREE

Peptide hormones are under the FREE hormone transport except from these hormones, which requires transport protein

Growth hormone Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 Insulin-like Growth Factor 2 Vasopressin Oxytocin

Only ____ hormones have hormonal activity

FREE

Only free hormones have ____

hormonal activity

What are the hormones under BOUND HORMONE TRANSPORT

Steroid, Thyroid Hormones Amines

Steroid, Thyroid Hormones are bound to:

Albumin Corticosteroid- binding Globulin Sex Hormone-binding Globulin Thyroxine-binding Globulin

Amines are bound to

Serum Proteins Thyroxine-Binding Globulin

Type of hormone transport that uses transport proteins

BOUND

Type of hormone transports that exhibit hormonal activity when separated with their transport proteins

BOUND

Enumerate all the hormone producing glands

HYPOTHALAMUS PITUITARY PINEAL THYROID PARATHYROID ADRENAL PANCREAS OVARIES TESTIS

HYPOTHALAMUS is responsible for: (5)

Sleep Thirst Hunger Mood Sex drive

Responsible for: Sleep Thirst Hunger Mood Sex drive

HYPOTHALAMUS

HYPOTHALAMUS Secretes ____; May be ____ hormone or _____ hormone

regulating hormone; releasing ; inhibitory

Secretes regulating hormone

HYPOTHALAMUS

Majority of its hormones acts on another gland

PITUITARY

PITUITARY is also called as

Master Gland

Controls other endocrine gland and makes the hormones that triggers growth;

PITUITARY

PITUITARY ____ other endocrine gland and makes the hormones that triggers ____; By production of other stimulating hormone, called as ______

Controls ; growth; Tropic Hormones

Pituitary gland releases ___, stimulating the ____ secreting its hormone, in response to the ____ produced by the Pituitary gland

TSH; Thyroid gland ; hormone ; Pituitary gland

Secretes melatonin

PINEAL

PINEAL Secretes ____

melatonin

hormone important for sleep cycle

melatonin

Secretes hormones associated with Calorie-burning and heart rate

THYROID

THYROID Secretes hormones associated with ____ and ____

Calorie-burning ; heart rate

Secretes parathyroid hormones that is essential for Calcium & Phosphate homeostasis

PARATHYROID

PARATHYROID Secretes _____ that is essential for ___ & ____

parathyroid hormones; Calcium ; Phosphate homeostasis

Secretes Sex-drive hormones & stress hormones

ADRENAL

ADRENAL Secretes ____ & ____

Sex-drive hormones; stress hormones

Secretes insulin

PANCREAS

PANCREAS Secretes ____

insulin

for glucose homeostasis

insulin

Pancreas may be ____ & ____

Exocrine Endocrine

Exocrine secrets ____

enzymes

Endocrine secretes _____

hormone

OVARIES secretes:

- Female sex hormones (Progesterone & Estrogen) - Testosterone

TESTIS Secretes ____ (______)

Male sex hormones; Testosterone

Secretes Male sex hormones (Testosterone)

TESTIS

FEEDBACK MECHANISM is aka

FEEDBACK LOOP

EXAMPLE/NAME of the FEEDBACK MECHANISM/FEEDBACK LOOP

“Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroidal Axis”

Hypothalamus secretes______ (____/ ____)

regulatory hormones (releasing/ inhibitory)

In case of Thyroid: Hypothalamus secretes ______

Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH)

What is the action of Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH)

direct towards Pituitary gland

Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH)

Stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete a tropic hormone

Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH)

tropic hormone

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone is aka

thyrotropin

Stimulates the Thyroid gland to produce Thyroid hormone

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) aka “thyrotropin”

Majority of the endocrine functions are regulated through the ___. In which the secretion of Pituitary is regulated/ controlled by _____

Pituitary gland ; Hypothalamus

The amount of substance in a system regulates its own concentration

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

Hormone Production

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK: Hormone Production: - It involves the 2 glands: _____ & ____ - Most of the time, when the ______ secretes hormone, it is stimulated/ controlled by the _____ & ____

Hypothalamus Pituitary Peripheral glands hypothalamus & pituitary gland

EXAMPLES of Peripheral glands

adrenal, thyroid, parathyroid, pineal, gonads

Hormones released by an endocrine gland induces more stimulating hormones to be released

POSITIVE FEEDBACK

T/F: In POSITIVE FEEDBACK, The more hormone is secrete, the more action is present (increase hormone production)

Example hormone in positive feedback

Oxytocin

Acts on the uterus

Oxytocin

produce uterine contraction

Oxytocin

↑ oxytocin = ____ contraction until it meets ___

↑ parturition

Process of giving birth or “labor”

parturition

parturition is the process of ___ or “___”

giving birth; labor

Type of Feedback loop: Association between Pituitary and target gland

Short Feedback Loop

Short Feedback Loop is associated with how many hormones

Short Feedback Loop: Associated 2 hormones: - Hormone secreted by ____ - Hormone secreted by ____

pituitary ; target gland

Type of Feedback loop: Association between Hypothalamus, Pituitary and Target gland

Long Feedback Loop

Long Feedback Loop: Association between ___,___ and _____

Hypothalamus, Pituitary and Target gland

Long Feedback Loop is associated with how many hormones

Long Feedback Loop: Associated 3 hormones: - Hormone secreted by the ___ - Hormone secreted by ___ - Hormone secreted by _____

hypothalamus ; pituitary ; target gland

Type of Feedback loop: Association between Hypothalamus and Pituitary gland

Ultrashort Feedback Loop

Ultrashort Feedback Loop: Association between ____ and _____

Hypothalamus ; Pituitary gland

Ultrashort Feedback Loop is associated with how many hormones

Ultrashort Feedback Loop: Associated 2 hormones: - Hormone secreted by ____ - Hormone secreted by ____

pituitary; hypothalamus

MODULATION OF HORMONE LEVELS

1. HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-END ORGAN SYSTEM 2. FREE-STANDING ENDOCRINE GLAND SYSTEM

HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-END ORGAN SYSTEM Regulation: ____

CNS input

signal sent by the peripheral gland to the hypothalamus

CNS input

Releasing hormone in HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-END ORGAN SYSTEM

Hypothalamus

Tropic/Stimulating hormone in HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-END ORGAN SYSTEM

Pituitary

hormone in HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-END ORGAN SYSTEM

Peripheral Glands

EFFECT in HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-END ORGAN SYSTEM

Target cell

Target cell in HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-END ORGAN SYSTEM must have its appropriate _____

cell receptor

Depends on the substance regulated by the hormone

Varied Input

Example of Varied Input in FREE-STANDING ENDOCRINE GLAND SYSTEM

Insulin

Hormone in FREE-STANDING ENDOCRINE GLAND SYSTEM

Free-Standing Endocrine Gland

EFFECT in FREE-STANDING ENDOCRINE GLAND SYSTEM

Target cell

Mount a response to a give hormone

TARGET ORGAN

Express appropriate cognate hormone receptor

TARGET ORGAN

Hormone receptors that is For Insulin, Growth Hormone, Prolactin, Lectin, Catecholamine

Cell Surface Receptors

Cell Surface Receptors is a type of Hormone Receptors for ____, ____, ____, ____, ______

Insulin, Growth Hormone, Prolactin, Lectin, Catecholamine

hunger hormone secreted by adipocytes

Lectin

Lectin is a ____ hormone secreted by ____ (____)

hunger ; adipocytes ; fat cells

Type of Hormone Receptor that is For steroid hormones & thyroid hormones

Intracellular Receptors

Intracellular Receptors are for ____ & ___

steroid hormones & thyroid hormones

Type of Hormone Receptor for estrogen & progestins

Multiple Receptors

Multiple Receptors is for ____ & ___

estrogen & progestins

Portion of the brain located in the walls and floor of the third ventricle (above pituitary gland)

HYPOTHALAMUS

HYPOTHALAMUS is the portion of the brain located in the ___ and floor of the ____ (______)

walls ; third ventricle ; (above pituitary gland)

Connected to the posterior pituitary gland by pituitary stalk/infundibulum

HYPOTHALAMUS

HYPOTHALAMUS is connected to the______ by _____/____

posterior pituitary pituitary stalk/infundibulum

T/F HYPOTHALAMUS is part of the negative feedback loop

T/F: Majority of hypothalamic function has an indirect effect on the pituitary gland

F; DIRECT EFFECT

Secreted releasing and inhibiting factors/hormones

HYPOTHALAMUS

HYPOTHALAMUS Secretes ____ and ____ factors/hormones

releasing ; inhibiting

What are the Releasing hormones secreted by the Hypothalamus (5)

Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone Corticotropin Releasing Hormone Prolactin Releasing Factor

What are the Inhibiting hormones secreted by the Hypothalamus (4)

Prolactin Inhibitory Factor Vasopressin Oxytocin Somatostatin

Literally means spit mucus

PITUITARY GLAND

PITUITARY GLAND literally means _____

spit mucus

T/F the reason why pituitary gland literally means spit mucus is because it is believed that mucus secreted by pituitary is necessary for growth

PITUITARY GLAND is AKA

hypophysis

pituitary gland is aka ____ because it is located underneath the____

hypophysis hypothalamus

PITUITARY GLAND is previously referred to as _____

Master Gland

PITUITARY GLAND is presently referred to as ______

Transponders

They translate the CNS input from the hypothalamus into a hormonal product

Transponders (PITUITARY GLAND)

PITUITARY GLAND is located at the base of the ____ in the pocket of the ____

skull ; sphenoid bone

sphenoid bone is aka ____ or ____

“sella turcica” or “turkish saddle’

sphenoid bone

Three parts of PITUITARY GLAND

Anterior Pituitary Gland Posterior Pituitary Gland Intermediate Lobe

Anterior Pituitary Gland is aka

adenohypophysis

Largest portion of pituitary gland

Anterior Pituitary Gland (adenohypophysis)

Secrets and produce hormones

Anterior Pituitary Gland (adenohypophysis)

Posterior Pituitary Gland is aka

Neurohypophysis

Never produce hormones, but secret hormones

Posterior Pituitary Gland (Neurohypophysis)

Storage site of vasopressin & oxytocin

Posterior Pituitary Gland (Neurohypophysis)

Posterior Pituitary Gland (Neurohypophysis) is the storage site of ____ & ____

vasopressin & oxytocin

Intermediate Lobe is aka

Pars intermedialis

Poorly-developed among human

Intermediate Lobe (Pars intermedialis)

T/F: Intermediate Lobe (Pars intermedialis) has no any function

Mistaken as nodules or benign cysts

Intermediate Lobe (Pars intermedialis)

What are the different anterior pituitary glands (6)

* Growth Hormone * Prolactin * Luteinizing Hormone (LH) * Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH) * Thyroid-stimulating Hormone (TSH) * Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

Specialized cell that secretes GH

somatotrophs

has ⅓ of total pituitary weighT

somatotrophs

somatotrophs has ___ of total pituitary weight

⅓

Specialized cell that secretes Prolactin

lactotrophs

Specialized cell that secretes Luteinizing Hormone (LH) and Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

gonadotrophs

Specialized cell that secretes Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

thyrotrophs

Specialized cell that secretes Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

corticotrophs

directly acts on peripheral tissues

Direct Effector Hormone

Give an example of Direct Effector Hormone

Growth Hormone Prolactin

Give an example of Tropic Hormone/ Stimulating Hormone

Luteinizing Hormone (LH) Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

acts on another endocrine gland

Tropic Hormone/ Stimulating Hormone

aka “somatotropin”

Growth Hormone

Growth Hormone is aka ____

somatotropin

cells that synthesize growth hormone

Somatotrophs

Most abundant hormone secreted by pituitary gland

Growth Hormone

Growth Hormone is Structurally similar with ____ & _____

prolactin; human placental lactogen

The growth hormone release is STIMULATED BY: ___

Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone

The growth hormone release is INHIBITED BY: ___

Somatostatin

Growth Hormone: Secretion: in ____

pulses

GH Average pulse interval: ____

2-3 hours in between in pulse/ secretion

GH Most reproducible peak: ____

onset of sleep

GH directly acts to the ____; stimulating it to produce _____ which is Essential for _____

liver; growth factors ; linear growth

Production of Growth Hormone is heavily modulated by ______

GHRELIN

Enteric hormone

GHRELIN

GHRELIN is an enteric hormone which plays an important role in _____, ____, _____

Nutrient sensing Appetite Glucose regulation

Potent stimulator of growth hormone receptors

GHRELIN

Method used for GH

Chemiluminescence Immunoassay

Reference Value of GH

<7 ng/mL (at fasting state)

MODIFIERS OF GH SECRETION Enumerate the stimulations

Sleep (deep sleep) Exercise Physiologic stress Amino acids Hypoglycemia Sex steroids ⍺-agonist β-blockers

MODIFIERS OF GH SECRETION (STIMULATION) Major contributor

Deep sleep

MODIFIERS OF GH SECRETION (STIMULATION) Shows markedly ↑ level

Deep sleep

MODIFIERS OF GH SECRETION (STIMULATION) Example of amino acids

Arginine

MODIFIERS OF GH SECRETION (STIMULATION) Example of sex steroids

Estradiol

MODIFIERS OF GH SECRETION (STIMULATION) Examples of ⍺-agonist

norepinephrine

MODIFIERS OF GH SECRETION (STIMULATION) Examples of β-blockers

propranolol

MODIFIERS OF GH SECRETION Enumerate the Inhibition

After Glucose loading β-agonist ⍺-blockers Emotional/psychogenic stress Nutritional deficiencies Insulin deficiency Thyroxine deficiency

MODIFIERS OF GH SECRETION (INHIBITION) Example of β-agonist

epinephrine

MODIFIERS OF GH SECRETION (INHIBITION) Examples of ⍺-blockers

phentolamine

Factors in the modifiers of GH secretion that stimulates an increase in glucose

Physiologic stress Amino acids Hypoglycemia

Growth hormones are what type of hormone?

Amphibolic hormone

directly influences anabolic & catabolic processes

Amphibolic hormone

requires energy

Anabolic

produces energy

Catabolic

T/F: In catabolic process, it does not require energy

FALSE: it still requires energy

Allows individual to effective transition from fed state to fasting state (without experiencing shortage of substrate or biochemical processes)

Action of GH Hormone

Allows individual to effective transition from ______ to _______ (without experiencing shortage of ______ or ________)

Fed state to fasting state substrate biochemical processes

Insulin antagonist

Action of GH

Promotes hepatic gluconeogenesis

Action of GH

ACTION OF GH Promotes ________

Promotes hepatic gluconeogenesis

formation of glucose from other non-CHO sources

hepatic gluconeogenesis

Stimulates lipolysis

Action of GH

ACTION OF GH Stimulates _____

Lipolysis

Example of lipolysis

TAG

a.k.a Insulin-Like Growth Factors (IGF)

Somatomedins

Somatomedins' new name

Insulin-Like Growth Factors (IGF)

Growth factor secreted by the liver

Somatomedins

Somatomedins are GH secreted by the ___

Liver

Structurally similar to insulin

Somatomedins

Somatomedins are structurally similar to ___

Insulin

Example of Somatomedins

Somatomedin C

Aka Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1

Somatomedin C

Major GF induced by growth hormone

Somatomedin C

Biologic amplifier of GH levels

Somatomedin C

Bound to IGFBP-3

Somatomedin C

Somatomedin C are bound to ___

IGFBP-3

What is the transport protein of Somatomedin C

Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein-3 (IGFBP-3)

Enumerate the conditions where there is an INCREASE in GH

Acromegaly Gigantism Chronic malnutrition Renal disease Cirrhosis Sepsis

Enumerate the conditions where there is an DECREASE in GH

Idiopathic growth hormone deficiency (children) Pituitary adenoma (adults)

Which condition in decreased in GH is seen in children?

Idiopathic growth hormone deficiency (children)

Which condition in decreased GH is seen in adults?

Pituitary adenoma (adults)

↑GH + closed epiphyseal plate = _______

Acromegaly

Diffused overgrowth/ lateral growth

Acromegaly

↑GH + open epiphyseal plate = _____

Gigantism

longitudinal / lateral growth

Gigantism

Pathologic or autonomous GH excess

Acromegaly

T/F: In Acromegaly, Regardless of GHRH, there is autonomous production of GH

True

Progressive enlargement of hands, feet, facial bones, mandible bones of the skull

Acromegaly

In Acromegaly, there is an progressive enlargement of _____, ___, ________, ________ of the ____

hands feet facial bones mandible bones of the skull

Diffused growth/lateral growth

Acromegaly

Glucose intolerance or overt diabetes

Acromegaly

Symptoms of Acromegaly

Excessive sweating Heat intolerance

In advance cases of acromegaly, present significant gaps in between _____

Teeth

Occurs if GH level is: >50 ng/mL

Acromegaly

Acromegaly occurs if GH level is: _________

>50 ng/mL

TESTS for Acromegaly Screening:

Somatomedin C or IGF-1 (measurement)

(high/low) somatomedin C = acromegaly

High

autonomous production of somatomedin C

Hepatoma

TESTS for Acromegaly Confirmatory

Oral Glucose Loading (OGTT)

OGTT Patient Prep:

Overnight fasting

In overnight fasting (dec/inc) GLU: __ GH: ___

GLU: dec GH: Inc

OGTT Glucose Load ____

100g oral glucose load

OGTT (GLUCOSE LOAD) (↑ GLU = ↓ GH) - ______

Normal case

OGTT (GLUCOSE LOAD) (↑ GLU = ↑ GH) - ______

Acromegaly

OGTT Blood collection how many times

Thrice

OGTT (BLOOD COLLECTION) Hours interval

0, 1hr, 2hr

OGTT In normal cases: after glucose loading, glucose level must be _______

undetectable

TESTS for GH deficiency

Insulin-induced Hypoglycemia Combination infusions of GHRH and L-arginine L-arginine + oral L-DOPA infusion

Previous gold standard to diagnose GH deficiency

Insulin-induced Hypoglycemia

Insulin-induced Hypoglycemia Hypoglycemia Normal: (inc/dec) GH GH Deficiency: (inc/dec) GH

Normal: ↑ GH GH Deficiency: ↓ GH

TESTS FOR GH DEF <3 ng/mL - ____

GH deficient

TESTS FOR GH DEF _____ - GH defecient

<3 ng/mL

TESTS FOR GH DEF 3-5 ng/mL - ____________________

least likely to have GH deficiency

TESTS FOR GH DEF ________ - least likely to have GH deficiency

3-5 ng/mL

Stress hormone

Prolactin

Vital function in reproduction

Prolactin

PROLACTIN Vital function in ______

reproduction

Initiation and maintenance of lactation

Prolactin

PROLACTIN Initiation and maintenance of ______

lactation

PROLACTIN (RELEASE) Stimulated by:

Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone Estrogen

PROLACTIN (RELEASE) Inhibited by:

Dopamine

Prolactin Inhibitory Factor

Dopamine

PROLACTIN Regulation:

Tonic Inhibition

↑ Prolactin = stimulate release of _____

Dopamine

T/F: The regulation of Prolactin via tonic inhibition Inhibits the production of Prolactin

True

Enumerate factors where there is increase in Prolactin

Medications Tumors (prolactinoma) Trauma & Inflammation Exhibit hypogonadism

Condition where there if ↓ FSH & ↓ LH

Hypogonadism

necessary for ovulation

↑ Prolactin = inability to _____

ovulate

Occurs among postpartum lactating women with no ovulation or menstruation

hypogonadism

HYPOGONADISM Occurs among _______ women with no _____ or _______

postpartum lactating women ovulation or menstruation

PROLACTIN RV Male: ____

1-20 ng/mL

PROLACTIN RV Female: ____

1-25 ng/mL

PROLACTIN Highest Level: ______

during sleep

Highest level of Prolactin is exhibited during sleep at what time?

4pm - 8am

In some books, highest level of Prolactin is exhibited during sleep at what time?

8pm - 10am

Method used in Prolactin

Immunometric assay

Autonomous secretion of prolactin due to pituitary tumor

Prolactinoma

PROLACTINOMA Autonomous secretion of prolactin due to ______

pituitary tumor

Most common type of functional pituitary tumor

Prolactinoma

PROLACTINOMA Most common type of ______

functional pituitary tumor

PROLACTINOMA Manifestation: Elderly: _____

hypogonadism, osteoporosis

PROLACTINOMA Manifestation: Premenopausal: _____

amenorrhea infertility galactorrhea breast discharge

PROLACTINOMA Manifestation: Men/Postmenopausal: _____

Pituitary mass Reduced libido Erectile dysfunction

PROLACTINOMA Prolactin Level: ___

>150 ng/mL

PROLACTINOMA >200 ng/mL - causes _______

Anovulation

PROLACTINOMA _______ - causes Anovulation

>200 ng/mL

cessation of ovulation among women

anovulation

↑ Prolactin = promotes _____

lactation

normal prolactin but women is lactating

Idiopathic galactorrhea

appears on women who had several pregnancies

Idiopathic galactorrhea

Medications (Hyperprolactinemia) Dopamine antagonists

Phenothiazines Butyrophenones Metoclopramide Reserpine Tricyclic antidepressants Alpha-methyldopa

Tropic Pituitary Hormone Enumerate

Gonadotrophs (FSH, LH) Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

Markers in diagnosing fertility and menstrual cycle disorder

Gonadotrophs (FSH, LH)

Gonadotrophs (FSH, LH) Markers in diagnosing ___ and _____

fertility menstrual cycle disorder

Gonadotrophs (FSH, LH) Increased (FSH): diagnostic clue for _______

premature menopause

Gonadotrophs (FSH, LH) Increased (FSH, LH): seen in ___________ ((inc/dec) estrogen)

post-menopausal women ↓ estrogen

Gonadotrophs (FSH, LH) MEN FSH: aids in ____

spermatogenesis

Gonadotrophs (FSH, LH) MEN LH: helps the ______ to secrete & produce _____

Leydig cells testosterone

Gonadotrophs (FSH, LH) WOMEN LH: necessary for _____

ovulation

Regulates thyroid hormone production

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Main stimulus for the uptake of iodide by thyroid gland

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Main stimulus for the uptake of _____ by thyroid gland

iodide

Acts to increase the number and size of follicular cells

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Acts to increase the number and size of ______

follicular cells

Thyroid hormone requires _____ for production with the help of ____ (papasukin sa ______ of thyroid gland

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Iodide TSH Follicular cells

Produced in response to low plasma cortisol

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

Regulator of adrenal androgen synthesis

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) Regulator of _____________________

adrenal androgen synthesis

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) Specimen should be collected on what tube

plastic tub with EDTA

ACTH Glass tubes are not allowed because ________________________________________ = false ↓ ACTH

ACTH adheres to the tube glass walls

ACTH Best time to collect: _____

8 - 10 am

ACTH Exhibits _____

Diurnal rhythm

ACTH DIRUNAL RHYTHM Highest conc.: ______

6am - 8am

ACTH DIRUNAL RHYTHM Lowest conc.: ________

6pm - 11pm

Estrogen is under (positive/negative) feedback loop

negative feedback loop

Giving signal to hypothalamus

Negative feedback loop

ESTROGEN Hypothalamus will increase _____

GnRH (Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone)

ESTROGEN Pituitary gland will secrete ___ and ____

FSH and LH

ESTROGEN FSH and LH will act on the ____ to produce estrogen

gonads

HYPOPITUITARISM Complete pituitary function loss

Panhypopituitarism

HYPOPITUITARISM Loss of only single pituitary hormone

Monotropic Hormone Deficiency

HYPOPITUITARISM Postpartum ischemic necrosis of pituitary

Sheehan’s Syndrome

HYPOPITUITARISM Failure to lactate

Sheehan’s Syndrome

HYPOPITUITARISM Idiopathic hypopituitarism

Kallman’s Syndrome

HYPOPITUITARISM Loss of pituitary functions

Kallman’s Syndrome

aka neurohypophysis

POSTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND

Posterior pituitary gland a.k.a

Neurohypophysis

Storage region for vasopressin and oxytocin

POSTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND

Produced by the supraoptic & paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus

vasopressin and oxytocin

vasopressin and oxytocin are produced by the _____ and _____ nuclei of the hypothalamus

Supraoptic Paraventicular

Never produce hormones but secretes hormones from the hypothalamus

POSTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND

Synthesized by paraventricular nuclei

Oxytocin

Oxytocin is synthesized by ____

paraventricular nuclei

Critical role in lactation

Oxytocin

Oxytocin Clinical role in

lactation

Major role in labor and parturition

Oxytocin

OXYTOCIN Major role in ____ and _____

labor parturition

Released in neural stimulation of receptors in the birth canal, uterus and breasts (touch receptors)

Oxytocin

OXYTOCIN Released in neural stimulation of receptors in the ______, ______ and _______ (touch receptors)

birth canal uterus breasts

↑ oxytocin = (inc/dec) uterine contraction

Inc

high uterine contraction is also called as

Fergusson reflex

↑ oxytocin = ↑ uterine contraction induces

labor/parturition

Example of positive feedback mechanism

↑ oxytocin = ↑ uterine contraction

aka ADH or Vasopressin-Arginine Hormone

Vasopressin

Regulates water homeostasis (water reabsorption in the collecting duct)

vasopressin

Vasopressin regulates ________ (water reabsorption in the ________)

water homeostasis collecting duct

Stimulates factor VII and vWF

Vasopressin

Vasopressin stimulates factor ___ and ____

VII (stable factor or proconvertin) vWF (von Willebrand factor)

Synthesized by the magnicellular neurons of the supraoptic

Vasopressin

Vasopressin is synthesized by the ________ of the supraoptic

magnicellular neurons

Vasopressin RV: ______

0.5 - 2 pg/uL

Structure is similar with oxytocin

Vasopressin

Vasopressin is similar in structure as ____

Oxytocin

Inhibits urine output/ urination

Vasopressin

Vasopressin inhibits _______

urine output/ urination

↑ ADH = (inc/dec) urine output

dec

↑ ADH = ↓ urine output (Ex. _______)

Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone release (SIADH)

↓ ADH = (inc/dec) urine output

Inc

↓ ADH = ↑ urine output (Ex: ___)

Diabetes Insipidus

2 types of Diabetes Insipidus

Nephrogenic DI Neurogenic DI

Polyuria (resistance of kidneys to ADH)

Nepthrogenic DI

No receptors present

Nephrogenic DI

Normal ADH

Nephrogenic DI

DI With milder symptoms

Nephrogenic DI

"True diabetes insipidus”

Neurogenic DI

case with low ADH; there is polyuria

Neurogenic DI

Neurogenic DI a.k.a (3)

Hypothalamic diabetes insipidus” Central diabetic insipidus Cranial diabetes insipidus

Symptoms of Diabetes Insipidus

ADH deficiency Severe polyuria Polydipsia Occasional polyphagia

excessive urine output

Severe polyuria

SYMPTOMS OF DI Severe polyuria (hyperosmotic or hypoosmotic blood)

Hyperosmotic blood

When there is severe polyuria and your blood is hyperosmotic, the body's response are:

Thirst ADH secretion

Definitive test for Diabetes Insipidus

Overnight Water Deprivation Test

Overnight Water Deprivation Test Patient prep: ______

8-12 hours fasting (without water intake)

No water intake = ___________________ = (inc/dec) ADH

Hyperosmotic Blood ↑ ADH

In Normal Overnight water deprivation test ____

↑ ADH

Overnight Water Deprivation Test DI: ______ (↓ ADH)

≤30 mOsm/kg (↓ADH)

aka “conarium” or “epiphysis cerebri”

PINEAL GLAND

PINEAL GLAND is a.k.a

conarium epiphysis cerebri

Termed as pineal due to its pine cone shape

Pineal gland

Attached to the midbrain

Pineal gland

Pineal gland is attached to the ____

midbrain

Secretes melatonin

Pineal gland

Pineal gland secretes

Melatonin

Essential for sleep cycle Decrease skin pigmentation

Melatonin

Secretion is controlled by nerve stimuli

Pineal gland

The secretion of melatonin in the pineal gland is controlled by ____

nerve stimuli

Release of melatonin is stimulates at ____

dark

Presence of light: production of melatonin is _____

inhibited

Melatonin exhibits _______

Circadian Rhythm

At night: human is ____ (melatonin is produced)

inaantok

Using cellphone at dark: melatonin is ______

inhibited

[M6] PART 1: Hypothalamus, Pituitary, and Pineal Gland Flashcards

(408 cards)