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[LECT] CC 2 - Finals > [M6] Part 4: Gonadal Hormones > Flashcards

[M6] Part 4: Gonadal Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

Since gonadal hormones are also steroid hormones, the process of synthesis is also called ____

A

steroidogenesis

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2
Q

male hormones

A

Testicular steroidogenesis

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3
Q

female hormones

A

Ovarian steroidogenesis

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4
Q

Steroidogenesis still requires ___

A

Cholesterol

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5
Q

In the ___, testosterone is converted to estradiol and androstenedione is converted to estrone

A

ovaries

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6
Q

In the ovaries, testosterone is converted to ___ and androstenedione is converted to ____

A

estradiol
estrone

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7
Q

In the ovaries, ___ is converted to estradiol and ____ is converted to estrone

A

testosterone
androstenedione

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8
Q

tissues aside from the testis and ovaries

A

Peripheral tissues

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9
Q

In the peripheral tissues:

  1. Testosterone is reduced to ___
A

dihydrotestosterone

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10
Q

T/F: Testosterone is more potent than Dihydrotestosterone

A

FALSE; Dihydrotestosterone is more potent than testosterone

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11
Q

Responsible for the masculinization of external genitalia

A

dihydrotestosterone

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12
Q

In the peripheral tissues

  1. _____ (___) are converted to testosterone
A

DHEA
Adrenal androgens

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13
Q

In the peripheral tissues

Adrenal androgens (DHEA) are converted to ____

A

testosterone

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14
Q

In the peripheral tissues

  1. Estriol is hydroxylated to ____
A

estradiol

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15
Q

In the peripheral tissues

___ is hydroxylated to estradiol

A

Estriol

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16
Q

In the peripheral tissues

  1. Conversion of androstenedione and testosterone to __ and ___, respectively
A

estrone
estradiol

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17
Q

In the peripheral tissues

  1. Conversion of ____ and ___ to estrone and estradiol, respectively
A

androstenedione
testosterone

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18
Q

Enumerate the TRANSPORT PROTEINS

A

Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin (SHBG)
Corticosteroid-Binding Globulin (CBG)
Albumin

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19
Q

TRANSPORT PROTEINS

Transports androgens and estrogens

A

Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin (SHBG)

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20
Q

What does SBHG transports?

A

Androgens and Estrogens

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21
Q

TRANSPORT PROTEINS

Delivers progesterone and glucocorticoids

A

Corticosteroid-Binding Globulin (CBG)

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22
Q

What does CBG delivers?

A

Progesterone and Glucocorticoids

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23
Q

____ of sex hormones are protein bound

A

98% – 99%

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24
Q

___ of sex hormones are unbound or free

A

1% – 2%

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25
Q

___ or __sex hormones are biologically active

A

Free
unbound

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26
Q

Protein-bound sex hormones (can/cannot) diffuse into the ___, therefore, they cannot interact with their target cells

A

CANNOT
vascular system

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27
Q

Principal androgen hormone in the blood regardless if female or male

A

TESTOSTERONE

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28
Q

TESTOSTERONE

Among females, they are converted to ____

A

estrogen

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29
Q

Most potent androgen among males

A

TESTOSTERONE

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30
Q

TESTOSTERONE

Synthesized by the ______ of ____

A

Leydig cells of testis

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31
Q

TESTOSTERONE

In males, ___ are derived from the Leydig cells

A

95%

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32
Q

TESTOSTERONE

The remaining 5% are derived from the conversion of ____ to ___ to ___

A

DHEA
androstenedione
testosterone

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33
Q

Production is controlled primarily by FSH and LH from the pituitary gland

A

TESTOSTERONE

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34
Q

TESTOSTERONE

Production is controlled primarily by ____ and ___ from the pituitary gland

A

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)

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35
Q

T/F: FSH and LH are both seen in male and female even though they are named in reference to menstrual cycle

A

true

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36
Q

TESTOSTERONE

In males, ____ acts on the germinal stem cells while ___ acts on the Leydig cells

A

FSH
LH

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37
Q

Sa Leydig cells, LH will stimulate the conversion of _____ to form

A

cholesterol
testosterone

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38
Q

The concentration or amount of testosterone is also affected by several physiologic factors. enumerate (3)

A

Circadian rhythm
Obesity
Age

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39
Q

CONC. OF TESTOSTERONE

Circadian rhythm
Peak:

A

after waking up, usually 8am

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40
Q

CONC. OF TESTOSTERONE

Circadian rhythm
Lowest:

A

8 PM

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41
Q

↓ plasma testosterone

A

Obesity

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42
Q

gradual reduction of testosterone when a male is aging specially after 30 years old (↓ of 110 ng/dL per decade)

A

AGE

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43
Q

AGE

gradual reduction of testosterone when a male is aging specially after___ (↓ of ___ per ___)

A

30 years old
110 ng/dL
decade

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44
Q

Functions for growth and development of the reproductive system of males

A

TESTOSTERONE

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45
Q

TESTOSTERONE

RV (serum):

A

3.9 – 7.9 ng/mL

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46
Q

_TESTOSTERONE

Transport protein:
___ (50%)
_________ (45%)

A

Albumin
Sex hormone-binding globulin

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47
Q

TESTOSTERONE

Transport protein:
Albumin (___)
Sex hormone-binding globulin (____)

A

50%
45%

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48
Q

T/F: Measurement of transport proteins is essential among males because the concentration of these binding proteins can determine the level of testosterone

A

True

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49
Q

Kung mataas ang ___, mataas din ang testerone

A

sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG)

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50
Q

Primary hypogonadism

A

Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism

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51
Q

Low testosterone

A

Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism

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52
Q

Elevated FSH or LH

A

Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism

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53
Q

Impaired sperm production

A

Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism

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54
Q

Results to infertility or sterility

A

Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism

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55
Q

Enumerate the conditions associated with Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism

A

Klinefelter’s Syndrome
5-Reductase Deficiency
Myotonic Dystrophy
Sertoli Cell-Only Deficiency
Testicular Injury And Infection
Testicular Feminization Syndrome

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56
Q

Also known as XXY

A

Klinefelter’s Syndrome

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57
Q

Klinefelter’s Syndrome

a.k.a

A

XXY

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58
Q

Male patients with three sex chromosomes

A

Klinefelter’s Syndrome

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59
Q

Klinefelter’s Syndrome

Male patients with ___ sex chromosomes

A

three

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60
Q

Klinefelter’s Syndrome

Patients have:

A

small testicles,
exhibit gynecomastia; and
azoospermia

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61
Q

enlargement of the breast

A

Gynecomastia

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62
Q

presence of semen with no sperm cells

A

Azoospermia

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63
Q

converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone

A

5-reductase

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64
Q

5-reductase

converts testosterone to ____

A

dihydrotestosterone

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65
Q

↓ dihydrotestosterone

A

5-Reductase Deficiency

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66
Q

responsible for the masculinization of the external genitalia

A

Dihydrotestosterone

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67
Q

Patients have physical development similar to a female phenotype

A

5-Reductase Deficiency

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68
Q

Characterized by cryptorchidism

A

5-Reductase Deficiency

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69
Q

5-Reductase Deficiency

Characterized by ___

A

cryptorchidism

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70
Q

Presence of ambiguous genitalia

A

cryptorchidism

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71
Q

Characterized by muscle dystonia

A

Myotonic Dystrophy

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72
Q

Myotonic Dystrophy

Characterized by ___

A

muscle dystonia

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73
Q

Involuntary contraction of muscle

A

muscle dystonia

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74
Q

Myotonic Dystrophy

Patients also exhibit:

A

testicular failure

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75
Q

Myotonic Dystrophy

Patients also exhibit: testicular failure, especially at the ___ of life

A

4th decade

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76
Q

Also known as germ cell aplasia

A

Sertoli Cell-Only Deficiency

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77
Q

Sertoli Cell-Only Deficiency

a.k.a

A

Germ cell aplasia

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78
Q

no cell growth

A

Aplasia

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79
Q

Sertoli Cell-Only Deficiency

Patients present with:

A

Small testis
azoospermia
increased FSH;’ and
normal to decreased testosterone

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80
Q

During biopsy, testis will show absence of spermatozoa

A

Sertoli Cell-Only Deficiency

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81
Q

_Sertoli Cell-Only Deficiency

During biopsy, testis will show absence of _____

A

spermatozoa

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82
Q

Testicular Injury And Infection

Example:

A

mumps orchitis

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83
Q

Inflammation of the scrotum due to mumps infection

A

mumps orchitis

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84
Q

Most severe form of androgen resistance

A

Testicular Feminization Syndrome

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85
Q

Testicular Feminization Syndrome

Most severe form of ___ resistance

A

androgen

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86
Q

There is normal level of testosterone but there is resistance

A

Testicular Feminization Syndrome

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87
Q

Yung mga target tissue ng testosterone hindi nagrereact in response to testosterone (walang receptors)

A

Testicular Feminization Syndrome

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88
Q

Testicular Feminization Syndrome

Patients have:

A

Patients have female-like genitalia with intra-abdominal testis

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89
Q

Low testosterone

A

Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism

90
Q

Low or normal FSH or LH

A

Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism

91
Q

Enumerate the conditions associated with Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism

A

Kallman’s Syndrome
Hyperprolactinemia
Type 2 Diabetes
Age
Opioid use
Pituitary Disease
Obstructive Sleep Apnea

92
Q

Manifestation of hypogonadism at puberty

A

Kallman’s Syndrome

93
Q

Kallman’s Syndrome

Manifestation of ___ at puberty

A

hypogonadism

94
Q

Kallman’s Syndrome

Patients exhibit:

A

Cleft palate
Cleft lip
Red-green color blindness
Deafness
Cerebral dysfunction; and
Anosmia

95
Q

inability to smell; impaired olfactory sensors

A

Anosmia

96
Q

Increase in prolactin can inhibit production of FSH and LH because it is an inhibitor of gonadotropin releasing hormone

A

Hyperprolactinemia

97
Q

Hyperprolactinemia

Increase in ___ can inhibit production of FSH and LH because it is an inhibitor of ____

A

prolactin
gonadotropin releasing hormone

98
Q

Insulin-resistance

A

Type 2 Diabetes

99
Q

Also associated with inflammation

A

Type 2 Diabetes

100
Q

Type 2 Diabetes

Also associated with inflammation especially if there is an (inc/dec) in ___ and other inflammatory markers

A

increase
CRP

101
Q

There is gradual reduction of testosterone especially after 30 years of age

A

Age

102
Q

Age

There is gradual reduction of testosterone especially after ___

A

30 years of age

103
Q

Long term use of narcotics, such as opioids, may lead to hypogonadotropic hypogonadism because opioid is a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) inhibitor

A

Opioid Use

104
Q

Opioid Use

Long term use of ___, such as opioids, may lead to ________ because opioid is a _________ inhibitor

A

narcotics
hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

105
Q

Meaning of DHEA

A

DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERON

106
Q

Even though it is the principal adrenal androgen, it is a weak androgen

A

DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERON

107
Q

DHEA

It must be converted to a more potent androgen like the _____-

A

sulfated DHEA

108
Q

Valuable assessment of adrenal cortex function

A

DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE (DHEA)

109
Q

The most potent female hormone

A

ESTROGEN

110
Q

Arises through structural alteration of testosterone molecule

A

ESTROGEN

111
Q

ESTROGEN

Functions:

A

promote breast, uterine, and vaginal development

112
Q

Types of ESTROGEN

A

Estrone (E1)
Estradiol (E2)
Estriol (E3)

113
Q

Types of ESTROGEN

Most abundant form in post-menopausal women

A

Estrone (E1)

114
Q

Types of ESTROGEN

Estrone (E1) Most abundant form in ____ women

A

post-menopausal

115
Q

Types of ESTROGEN

Most potent estrogen

A

Estradiol (E2)

116
Q

Types of ESTROGEN

Principal estrogen form

A

Estradiol (E2)

117
Q

Types of ESTROGEN

Low level in menopausal women

A

Estradiol (E2)

118
Q

Types of ESTROGEN

Used to assess ovarian function

A

Estradiol (E2)

119
Q

Types of ESTROGEN

Form of estrogen that is increase among premenopausal women

A

Estradiol (E2)

120
Q

Types of ESTROGEN

Estradiol (E2): Form of estrogen that is increase among ____ women

A

premenopausal

121
Q

Types of ESTROGEN

Form found in maternal urine

A

Estriol (E3)

122
Q

Types of ESTROGEN

Estriol (E3): Form found in ___

A

maternal urine

123
Q

Types of ESTROGEN

Diagnostic significance: used as fetoplacental viability marker and down syndrome marker

A

Estriol (E3)

124
Q

Types of ESTROGEN

Estriol (E3): Diagnostic significance: used as _______________ and ______________

A

fetoplacental viability marker
down syndrome marker

125
Q

___ and ___ are the metabolites of intraovarian conversion of testosterone

A

Estrone
estriol

126
Q

Estrone and estriol are the metabolites of _____ conversion of ____

A

intraovarian
testosterone

127
Q

Down syndrome markers:

A

AFP
hCG
Estriol

128
Q

Produced by corpus luteum

A

PROGESTERONE

129
Q

PROGESTERONE

Produced by ____

A

corpus luteum

130
Q

Prime secretory product of the ovary

A

PROGESTERONE

131
Q

Dominant hormone responsible for the luteal phase

A

PROGESTERONE

132
Q

PROGESTERONE

Dominant hormone responsible for the _____

A

luteal phase

133
Q

Prepares the endometrium for embryo implantation

A

PROGESTERONE

134
Q

PROGESTERONE

Prepares the _____for embryo implantation

A

endometrium

135
Q

Single best hormone to determine whether the ovulation has occurred

A

PROGESTERONE

136
Q

PROGESTERONE

Single best hormone to determine whether the _____ has occurred

A

ovulation

137
Q

PROGESTERONE

Deficiency: ______

A

failure of embryo implantation

138
Q

Shedding of uterine lining from the previous cycle among non-pregnant women

A

MENSTRUAL CYCLE

139
Q

MENSTRUAL CYCLE

Shedding of _____ from the previous cycle among _____ women

A

uterine lining
non-pregnant

140
Q

Continuous, no starting point and end point

A

MENSTRUAL CYCLE

141
Q

2 phases of Menstrual Cycle

A

Follicular phase
Luteal phase

142
Q

PHASE OF MENSTRUAL CYCLE

Starts at the onset of menstruation

A

Follicular phase

143
Q

PHASE OF MENSTRUAL CYCLE

First day of menstruation is the end of the luteal phase

A

Follicular phase

144
Q

PHASE OF MENSTRUAL CYCLE

Follicular phase:
___ day of menstruation is the (end/start) of the ____

A

First
end
luteal phase

145
Q

PHASE OF MENSTRUAL CYCLE (Follicular phase)

↑ FSH = (inc/dec) estrogen = ↑ LH (____)

A

↑ estrogen
LH surge

146
Q

PHASE OF MENSTRUAL CYCLE (Follicular phase)

There is an increase in FSH which will stimulate an increase in ____

A

estrogen

147
Q

Estrogen follows what type of feedback system?

A

positive feedback system

148
Q

Increase in estrogen will cause an increase in _____

A

LH

149
Q

______ – increase in LH

A

LH surge

150
Q

LH surge usually happens at the _____ (approximately) of the _____

A

14th day
follicular phase

151
Q

_____after the LH surge, _____ will start

A

36 hours
luteal phase

152
Q

Increase in LH will stimulate _____

A

ovulation

153
Q

the release of ovum from the ovary

A

ovulation

154
Q

It will also cause luteinization of the corpus luteum

A

Luteal phase

155
Q

Luteal phase

It will also cause luteinization of the ____

A

corpus luteum

156
Q

Luteal phase

Corpus luteum will secrete _____ which will prepare the ____ for implantation of _____

A

progesterone
endometrium lining
embryo

157
Q

In the absence of fertilization, shedding will happen

A

Luteal phase

158
Q

Luteal phase

In the absence of ____, ______ will happen

A

fertilization
shedding

159
Q

Luteal phase

Shedding usually occurs ___ after ____

A

14 days
ovulation

160
Q

Luteal phase

Shedding usually lasts for _____

A

3 to 5 days

161
Q

Luteal phase

If there is ___, ____ will increase in the _____

A

fertilization
hCG
placenta

162
Q

What is the preferred sample for Pregnancy test?

A

Urine

163
Q

Why is urine the preferred sample for Pregnancy test?

A

kasi sa placenta napoproduce yung hCG

164
Q

MENSTRUAL CYCLE ABNORMALITIES

Enumerate

A

Amenorrhea
Oligomenorrhea
Menorrhagia

165
Q

Absence of menses

A

Amenorrhea

166
Q

Amenorrhea

Absence of ____

A

menses

167
Q

absence of menstruation at the age of 16

A

Primary amenorrhea

168
Q

Primary amenorrhea

absence of menstruation at the age of ___

A

16

169
Q

women who had one menstrual cycle followed by the absence of menses for 3 to 6 months

A

Secondary amenorrhea

170
Q

Secondary amenorrhea

women who had ___ menstrual cycle followed by the absence of menses for _____

A

one
3 to 6 months

171
Q

Infrequent, irregular menstrual bleeding

A

Oligomenorrhea

172
Q

Interval ng menstrual cycle is 35 to 40 days

A

Oligomenorrhea

173
Q

Oligomenorrhea

Interval ng menstrual cycle is ____

A

35 to 40 days

174
Q

Oligomenorrhea

Normally, _____ lang ang interval starting from the ____

A

28 days
1st day

175
Q

Menstruation that occurs for more than 7 days

A

Menorrhagia

176
Q

Menorrhagia

Menstruation that occurs for more than ___

A

> 7 days

177
Q

Excessive shedding

A

Menorrhagia

178
Q

Enumerate the Associated conditions in Menstrual cycle

A
  1. Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism
  2. Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism
  3. Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)
  4. Hirsutism
179
Q

Primary hypogonadism

A

Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism

180
Q

Ovarian failure

A

Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism

181
Q

Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism

↓ female hormones, (inc/dec) FSH, ↑ to normal ____

A

↑ FSH
↑ to normal LH

182
Q

Enumerate the conditions associated with Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism

A

Menopause
Premature Ovarian Failure
Turner’s Syndrome

183
Q

Normal physiologic event among females wherein tumitigil yung menstrual cycle

A

Menopause

184
Q

Occurs usually at 45 to 55 years old among American women

A

Menopause

185
Q

Menopause

Occurs usually at ________ old among American women

A

45 to 55 years old

186
Q

Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism

Genetic defect

A

Turner’s Syndrome

187
Q

Absence of one X chromosome or partial X chromosome lang ang present

A

Turner’s Syndrome

188
Q

Secondary hypogonadism

A

Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism

189
Q

Mababa ang female hormones dahil mababa ang gonadotropins

A

Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism

190
Q

Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism is aka

A

gonadotropin deficiency

191
Q

Also called as gonadotropin deficiency

A

Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism

192
Q

Examples of Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism

A

a. Anorexia Nervosa
b. Runner’s Amenorrhea
c. Prolactinoma
d. Athlete’s Triad

193
Q

A Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism that results to WEIGH LOSS

A

Anorexia Nervosa

194
Q

Anorexia Nervosa may lead to ___

A

hypogonadotropic hypogonadism

195
Q

A condition associated with females who undergo intense physical exercise which leads to absence of menses

A

Runner’s Amenorrhea

196
Q

↑ prolactin = ___(inc/dec) ___ and ____

A

↑ prolactin = ↓ FSH and LH

197
Q

Occurs among female and is characterized with amenorrhea, eating disorder, and osteoporosis

A

Athlete’s Triad

198
Q

Athlete’s Triad is characterized by:

A

amenorrhea, eating disorder, and osteoporosis

199
Q

Also known as enlarged ovaries

A

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)

200
Q

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) is aka

A

enlarged ovaries

201
Q

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) is Formerly called as ____

A

Stein-Leventhal syndrome

202
Q

Common disorder among females characterized by having multiple ovarian cysts

A

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)

203
Q

Associated with infertility and other menstrual irregularities

A

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)

204
Q

Associated with infertility and other menstrual irregularities

A

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)

205
Q

Often overweight

A

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)

206
Q

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) can be reversed with:

A

Weight loss
Increased physical activity

207
Q

Treatment for PCOS

A

metformin

208
Q

Anti-diabetic drug

A

metformin

209
Q

Patients who have PCOS have ____ (resembles ____)

A

insulin resistance ;
type 2 DM

210
Q

IN PCOS:

↑ insulin = ___(inc/dec) ___ =____, inhibits ___

A

↑ insulin = ↑ testosterone = virilization, inhibits ovulation

211
Q

development of masculine traits among female patients (____)

A

Virilization

hirsutism

212
Q

Insulin sensitizer

A

metformin

213
Q

metformin is an insulin sensitizer wherein it ___ (inc/dec) ____ of ____ to ___

A

Increases ;
sensitivity ;
cells ;
insulin

214
Q

T/F: All PCOS patients have ovarian cysts

A

F; NOT all PCOS patients have ovarian cysts

215
Q

% of patients who don’t have ovarian cysts

A

30%

216
Q

A condition wherein there is Excess hair along the midline of the female body

A

Hirsutism

217
Q

Hirsutism is Typically caused by an ___in ___

A

increase
androgens

218
Q

Assesses nine area in the female body:

A

Ferriman-Gallwey Scale

219
Q

What are the 9 areas assess by the Ferriman-Gallwey Scale

A

Lips
Chin
Side burns
Neck
Chest
Abdomen
Upper back
Lower back
Thighs

220
Q

Assesses hair thickness and pigmentation

A

Ferriman-Gallwey Scale

221
Q

In Ferriman-Gallwey Scale, The scale is from ____

A

0 to 4

222
Q

what is an indication that the patient has hirsutism

A

> 8

[LECT] CC 2 - Finals (9 decks)

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