[M8] Part 1: Toxicology Flashcards
(286 cards)
1
Q
Study of poisons
A
TOXICOLOGY
2
Q
substances that cause harmful effect upon exposure
A
Poisons
3
Q
According to bishop, toxicology is the study of ____
A
xenobiotics
4
Q
substances that are not normally found or produced by the body
A
Xenobiotics
5
Q
WHAT ARE THE 4 MAJOR DISCIPLINES OF TOXICOLOGY
A
Mechanistic Toxicology
Descriptive Toxicology
Forensic Toxicology
Clinical Toxicology
6
Q
Studies the dose-response mechanism of toxins
A
Mechanistic Toxicology
7
Q
dose of toxin
that will cause in harmful effects
A
Dose-response mechanism
8
Q
Mechanistic toxicology elucidates the ___, ____, and ____ effects of toxins based on a given dose
A
cellular
molecular
biochemical
9
Q
Provides a basis for rational therapy design
A
Mechanistic Toxicology
10
Q
Development of laboratory tests to assess the
degree of exposure in individuals
A
Mechanistic Toxicology
11
Q
Risk assessment of toxins and/or therapeutic drugs that may elicit toxic effects
A
Descriptive Toxicology
12
Q
a part of pre-clinical studies
for novel drugs (new drugs, therapeutic
methods, vaccines)
A
Risk assessment
13
Q
It assesses the effective, toxic, and lethal dose
A
Risk assessment (descriptive toxicology)
14
Q
Risk assessment is performed by the ____
A
food and
drug administration
15
Q
Uses result from animal experiments to predict what
level of exposure will cause harm in humans
A
Descriptive Toxicology
16
Q
T/F: Dose harmful to animals may sometimes be
harmful to humans as well
A
T
17
Q
Medical and legal consequences of exposure to toxins
A
Forensic Toxicology
18
Q
Give an Example of Forensic Toxicology
A
autopsy
19
Q
Establishes and validates analytical performance of
tests methods used to generate evidence in legal situations
A
Forensic Toxicology
20
Q
Study of interrelationship between toxin exposure and disease states
A
Clinical Toxicology
21
Q
Emphasis on diagnostic testing and therapeutic intervention (antidote for specific toxins)
A
Clinical Toxicology
22
Q
What are the ROUTES OF EXPOSURE in toxicology
A
- Ingestion
- Inhalation
- Transdermal absorption
23
Q
most often observed route of exposure in clinical setting
A
inhalation
24
Q
ABSORPTION in toxicology
A
Gastrointestinal tract
25
T/F: Gastrointestinal tract utilizes ACTIVE diffusion
F; passive diffusion
26
readily diffusible across cell membranes
Hydrophobic substance
27
Hydrophobic substance: polar or non-polar?
non-polar
28
cannot passively diffuse across cell membranes
Ionized substance
29
Ionized substance requires ___
transporters
30
Weak acids – absorbed in the___
stomach
31
Weak bases – absorbed in the___
intestine
32
T/F: There are toxins that are not absorbed by the GI tract
T
33
There are toxins that are not absorbed by the GI tract. These toxins produce ___
local effects
34
What are the 4 factors under absorption
1. Rate of dissolution
2. Gastrointestinal mobility
3. Resistance to degradation
4. Interaction with other substances
35
The rate of diffusion is dependent on the ___ of ___ in the ___
dissolution
toxins
GI tract
36
In Gastrointestinal mobility,
Low bowel movement, diarrhea = ___ (more/less) absorption
less
37
Toxins that are resistant to degradation may or may not be ___ by the ___
absorbed
GI tract
38
Interaction of toxins with other substances present in the GI tract may cause ____ (inc/dec) in the ___ of ___
decrease
rate
absorption
39
single, short-term exposure to a substance
Acute toxicity
40
repeated exposure for extended period of time
Chronic toxicity
41
dose that would predict to produce a toxic response in 50% of the population
TD50
42
dose that would predict death in 50% of the population
LD50
43
dose that would be predicted to be effective or have a therapeutic benefit in 50% of the population
ED50
44
Toxic agents are analyzed through:
screening test
confirmatory test
45
Rapid, simple, qualitative procedure intended to detect the presence of specific substance
Screening Test
46
Screening test:
Good ___, lack ___
sensitivity
specificity
47
Quantitative analysis of toxic agents
Confirmatory test
48
Confirmatory Test is Specific for a ___ or ___
single substance
class
49
What are the methods used in the analysis of toxic agents
● Three-layer chromatography (TLC)
● Gas chromatography (GC)
● ICP-MS/AA
● GC-MS
50
ICP-MS/AA standa for:
Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry/atomic absorption
51
Used for inorganic substances
ICP-MS/AA
52
GC-MS stands for:
Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
53
Reference method
GC-MS
54
Used for organic substances
GC-MS
55
Common CNS depressant
Alcohol
56
Low dose exposure to alcohol will cause:
disorientation, confusion,
euphoria
57
High dose exposure to alcohol will cause:
unconsciousness, paralysis,
death
58
What are the 4 types of alcohol
ethanol
methanol
isopropanol
ethylene glycol
59
Ethanol is aka __
grain alcohol
60
Most common toxicant and substance of abuse (US)
ethanol
61
Depresses CNS and increases heart rate and blood pressure
ethanol
62
ethanol Depresses ___ and ____ heart rate and ___
CNS
increases
blood pressure
63
Vasopressin inhibitor
Ethanol
64
ethanol is a vasopressin inhibitor. It may cause ___ (dec/inc) urine output causing ___
increased
diuresis
65
Intoxication with alcohol will cause
blurred vision, incoordination, slurred speech, and coma, “hangover symptoms”
66
What is the antidote used in case of intoxication with ethanol
diazepam
67
what is the Fatal dose: of ethanol
300 – 400 mL (pure alcohol) ingested in < 1 hour
68
fatal dose of ethanol:
___-___ (pure ___) ingested in ____
300 – 400 mL
alcohol
< 1 hour
69
Toxic blood level of ethanol
>400 mg/dL
70
The toxic blood level or ethanol is 400 mg/dL. If it reaches ___, patient is required to
undergo ___ to filter out the ___
and prevent ___
>500 mg/dL
hemodialysis
alcohol
intoxication
71
Method of analysis in ethanol
enzymatic (alcohol
dehydrogenase)
72
STAGES OF IMPAIRMENT BY ALCOHOL:
What is the blood ethanol level if there is No obvious impairment
0.01 – 0.05 %, w/v
73
STAGES OF IMPAIRMENT BY ALCOHOL:
What is the blood ethanol level if there are Mild euphoria, decrease inhibitions, some impairment of motor skills
0.03 – 0.12 %, w/v
74
STAGES OF IMPAIRMENT BY ALCOHOL:
What is the blood ethanol level if there are Decrease inhibitions, loss of critical judgment, memory impairment, diminished reaction time
0.09 – 0.25 %, w/v
75
STAGES OF IMPAIRMENT BY ALCOHOL:
What is the blood ethanol level if there are Mental confusion, dizziness, strongly impaired motor skills (staggering, slurred speech)
0.18 – 0.30 %, w/v
76
STAGES OF IMPAIRMENT BY ALCOHOL:
What is the blood ethanol level if there are Inability to stand or walk, vomiting, impaired consciousness
0.27 – 0.40 %, w/v
77
STAGES OF IMPAIRMENT BY ALCOHOL:
Sign and symptoms: Coma and possible death
Blood Ethanol Level?
0.36 – 0.50 %, w/v
78
Methanol is aka
wood alcohol
79
aka wood alcohol
methanol
80
Most commonly used solvent
methanol
81
Contaminant of homemade liquors
methanol
82
Methanol is Metabolized to ___ and then to ___
in the ___
formaldehyde
formic acid
liver
83
causes intoxication
Formic acid
84
T/F: Ethanol intoxication is more severe than methanol intoxication
F; Methanol intoxication is more severe than ethanol intoxication
85
Methanol Intoxication will result in:
metabolic acidosis, pancreatic
necrosis, and ocular toxicity
86
ocular toxicity is aka
frank blindness
87
Antidote for methanol intoxication
sodium bicarbonate
88
Methanol fatal dose
60 – 250 mL
89
Methanol Toxic blood level:
>50 mg/dL
90
Isopropanol is aka
rubbing alcohol
91
aka rubbing alcohol
Isopropanol
92
Commonly available form of alcohol
Isopropanol
93
Isopropanol is Metabolized to ____ by ___
acetone
hepatic ADH
94
Isopropanol is CNS ___
depressant
95
Toxicity is similar to ethanol toxicity
Isopropanol
96
Intoxication lasts longer than ethanol because of acetone
Isopropanol
97
Isopropanol Intoxication lasts longer than ethanol because of ___
acetone
98
has a longer half-life in the body compared to the metabolites of ethanol
acetone
99
Antidote for isopropanol Intoxication
activated charcoal
100
Isopropanol Fatal dose:
250 mL
101
Ethylene Glycol is aka
1,2-ethanediol
102
aka 1,2-ethanediol
Ethylene Glycol
103
Component of hydraulic fluid and anti-freeze
Ethylene Glycol
104
If Accidentally ingested by children, has a naturally sweet taste
Ethylene Glycol
105
Ethylene Glycol is Metabolized to ___ and ___
→ May cause ______
oxalic acid
glycolic acid
severe metabolic acidosis
106
Ingestion of high levels of Ethylene Glycol will cause deposition of ___ crystals in ___ causing ___
calcium oxalate
renal tubules
kidney damage
107
What are the sample used for the determination of alcohol
whole blood, serum, plasma
108
In Ethanol determination:
Capped at all times to prevent ___
alcohol evaporation
109
In Ethanol determination:
Use of _____ antiseptic
alcohol-free
110
Why is alcohol-free antiseptic used in ethanol determination?
because Alcohol-based antiseptics may
contaminate the sample and cause false increase
111
Alcohol-based antiseptics may
___ the sample and cause false ___ (inc/dec)
contaminate
increase
112
Ethanol determination:
Uses ___, which Prevent___ and ____
contamination. It may also produce alcohol as their ___ and cause false ___
fluoride tubes
glycolysis
bacterial
byproduct
increase
113
In ethanol determination:
Serum and/or plasma has ___ (higher/lower) ethanol concentration than ___
higher
whole blood
114
T/F: Ethanol is NOT uniformly distributed in body water such as serum and plasma
F; Ethanol is uniformly distributed in body water
such as serum and plasma
115
What are the methods used for the determination of alcohol
Enzymatic method
Gas Chromatography
Osmometry methods
116
Utilizes alcohol dehydrogenase
for ethanol determination
enzymatic method
117
Enzymatic method Utilizes ____ for ethanol determination
alcohol dehydrogenase
118
Reference method for ethanol determination
Gas Chromatography
119
may also be used to quantitate methanol and isopropanol
Gas Chromatography
120
Computed method
Osmometry methods
121
Osmometry methods or
osmolal gap
122
what is the formula for osmometry method (osmolal gap)
● 𝑜𝑠𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑙 𝑔𝑎𝑝 = 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑠𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 − 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑠𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦
123
In Osmometry methods (osmolal gap),
___ mOsm/Kg = ___serum ___
↑ 10
60 mg/dL
ethanol
124
T/F Osmometry methods (osmolal gap) is specific to ethanol
F; NOT specific to ethanol
125
T/F: Osmometry methods (osmolal gap) is NOT specific to ethanol as it May also increase in other conditions
T
126
Produced by incomplete combustion of carbon containing substances
CARBON MONOXIDE (CO)
127
Colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas that is rapidly absorbed into the blood
CARBON MONOXIDE (CO)
128
CARBON MONOXIDE (CO) Has ___ more affinity to ___ than ___
200x – 225x
hemoglobin
oxygen
129
Carbon monoxide has 200x – 225x more affinity to hemoglobin than oxygen, resulting to ____ formation giving a ___ blood
carboxyhemoglobin
cherry red-colored
130
carboxyhemoglobin formation may: (2)
✓ May result to ___
✓ Affects ___ and ___
hypoxia
heart
brain
131
Treatment for carbon monoxide
100% oxygen therapy
132
Symptoms of ____ depends on the concentration of ___ in the blood
Carboxyhemoglobinemia
carboxyhemoglobin
133
CARBON MONOXIDE (CO):
Signs and Symptoms: Typical in non-smoker
Carboxyhemoglobin (%): ___
0.5
134
CARBON MONOXIDE (CO):
Signs and Symptoms: Range of values seen in smokers
Carboxyhemoglobin (%): ___
5 – 15
135
CARBON MONOXIDE (CO):
Signs and Symptoms: Shortness of breath with vigorous exercise
Carboxyhemoglobin (%): ___
10
136
CARBON MONOXIDE (CO):
Signs and Symptoms: Shortness of breath with moderate exercise
Carboxyhemoglobin (%): ___
20
137
CARBON MONOXIDE (CO):
Signs and Symptoms: Severe headache, fatigue, impairment of judgment
Carboxyhemoglobin (%): ___
30
138
CARBON MONOXIDE (CO):
Signs and Symptoms: Confusion, fainting on exertion
Carboxyhemoglobin (%): ___
40-50
139
CARBON MONOXIDE (CO):
Signs and Symptoms: Unconsciousness, respiratory failure, death with continuous exposure
Carboxyhemoglobin (%): ___
60-70
140
CARBON MONOXIDE (CO):
Signs and Symptoms: Immediately fatal
Carboxyhemoglobin (%): ___
80
141
What are the Methods for Determining Carboxyhemoglobin in the Blood
Spot Plate Test
Differential Spectrophotometry
Gas Chromatography
142
In Spot Plate Test
● Dilute ___ with ___
→ ___ part of blood per ___ parts volume of solution
blood
water
1
20
143
In spot plate test
5mL of 40% ___ + 5mL aqueous ___ (1/20)
NaOH
whole blood
144
In Spot Plate Test:
Observe formation of ___ color in solution
pink
145
In Spot Plate Test:
Pink color = ___
>20% COHb
146
what method has this principle?
different forms of hemoglobin present with different spectral absorbency curves
Differential Spectrophotometry
147
how many wavelengths are used in Differential Spectrophotometry
6 different wavelengths
148
Most commonly used method and basis of automated systems
Differential Spectrophotometry
149
An accurate and precise method for Determining Carboxyhemoglobin in the Blood
Gas Chromatography
150
Reference method for Determining Carboxyhemoglobin in the Blood
Gas Chromatography
151
What method has this principle?
utilizes thermal conductivity by releasing
carbon monoxide using potassium ferricyanide
Gas Chromatography
152
Gas Chromatography utilizes ___ by releasing
carbon monoxide using ___
thermal conductivity
potassium ferricyanide
153
Found in many household products and occupational settings
CAUSTIC AGENTS
154
Caustic agents:
Exposure: ___ or ___
aspiration or ingestion
155
causes pulmonary edema and
shock. Can lead to death
Aspiration
156
cause lesions to the esophagus
and GIT (perforation)
Ingestion
157
May lead to hematemesis, abdominal pain
and shock, and metabolic acidosis or
alkalosis
Ingestion of CAUSTIC AGENTS
158
Ingestion of CAUSTIC AGENTS May lead to ___, ___
and ___, and___ or ___
hematemesis
abdominal pain
shock
metabolic acidosis
alkalosis
159
Antidote for CAUSTIC AGENTS
dilution
160
Super toxic substance
CYANIDE
161
CYANIDE may exist as ___ or ___
solid or gas
162
form of cyanide that has a bitter almond odor
gas form
163
Used in many industrial processes
CYANIDE
164
Component of insecticides and rodenticides
CYANIDE
165
CYANIDE is Produced by ____ of some ___
pyrolysis
plastics
166
decomposition or degradation at high temperature
Pyrolysis
167
One of the most common suicidal agents in the form of silver cleaners
CYANIDE
168
route of exposure for cyanide
inhalation, ingestion, transdermal absorption
169
exposure to both cyanide and carbon monoxide
Smoke inhalation
170
CYANIDE:
Toxicity: binds to ____ and ______
heme iron;
mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase
171
If cyanide binds to ____, hemoglobin will not be able to bind with ___ and may cause ___ and ___
heme iron
oxygen
hypoxia
anemia
172
CYANIDE:
If Mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase is ___, it may ___ (inc/dec) ____ and ___
inhibited
increase
cellular oxygen tension
venous partial oxygen pressure
173
What are the methods in cyanide
Ion-selective electrode
Photometric assay
Urinary thiocyanate concentration
174
most commonly used cyanide methods
Ion-selective electrode & Photometric assay
175
Photometric assay is aka
two-well microdiffusion separation
176
this method is only used when exposed to very low levels of cyanide
Urinary thiocyanate concentration
177
what are the different metals and metalloids
Arsenic
Cadmium
Lead
Mercury
Pesticides
178
A metalloid that exists as a bound to or as a primary constituent of many organic or inorganic compounds
Arsenic
179
Arsenic Has ___ and binds to ___ groups in ___
high affinity
thiol
protein
180
Common homicidal and suicidal agent
Arsenic
181
Has the capacity to cross the placenta
arsenic
182
Arsenic Intoxication will result to:
intravascular hemolysis, hemoglobinemia, nephrotoxicity, and multi-organ involvement
183
what is the Indication of arsenic intoxication
garlic odor breath and
metallic taste
184
Specimen used for SHORT TERM exposure to arsenic
Blood, urine
185
Specimen used for LONG TERM exposure to arsenic
Hairs, nail
186
Arsenic loves to bind to ___
keratinized tissues
187
Methods in arsenic
AAS, Reinsch test
188
Utilized in electroplating and galvanizing
Cadmium
189
Found in paints and plastics
Cadmium
190
Binds to proteins and cellular constituents
Cadmium
191
Cadmium Binds to ___ and ___ constituents
proteins
cellular
192
Cadmium Toxicity is ___
nephrotoxic
193
Cadmium toxicity is nephrotoxic Such as ____, ___, and ___
tubular proteinuria
glucosuria
aminoaciduria
194
Cadmium:
Specimen: ___
urine, whole blood
195
Cadmium:
Method: ___
AAS
196
Color enhancer in paints and make-ups
Lead
197
Also found in gasoline and pipe plumbing
Lead
198
Common water contamination
Lead
199
A potent enzyme inhibitor
→ ____, ____, ____
LEAD
D-ALA synthetase
pyrimidine-5’-nucleotidase
Na-K ATPase
200
Has high affinity to many macromolecular structures and distributed throughout the body
Lead
201
___ is present in all biologic systems,
however, it has no ___ or ___
function
Lead
physiologic
biochemical
202
Elimination of LEAD is through ____
renal filtration
203
Elimination through renal filtration
LEAD
204
Elimination is very slow dahil mababa ang concentration in the blood
LEAD
205
It combines with the bone matrix
LEAD
206
Largest pool of lead in the body is in the ____
skeletal system
207
May persist for a long period of time (up to ____)
LEAD
20 years
208
Lead Toxicity:
Toxic dose: ___
>0.5 mg/day
209
Lead Toxicity:
Fatal dose: ___
0.5g
210
Lead Toxicity:
Toxic blood levels: ____
>70 ug/dL
211
Indications of LEAD TOXICITY
Basophilic stippling of RBC
Increased urinary ALA
Free RBC protoporphyrin
212
Lead inhibits ____
pyrimidine-5’-nucleotidase
213
Responsible for removing excess DNA in RBC nucleus
pyrimidine-5’-nucleotidase
214
Indications of Lead toxicity:
In Basophilic stippling of RBC, ___ accumulates inside the ___ causing the ____ (____)
DNA
RBC
blueberry muffin-like RBC
basophilic stippling
215
Presence of basophilic stippling is a sensitive indicator of ____
lead poisoning
216
Presence of ___ is a sensitive indicator of lead poisoning
basophilic stippling
217
What is the Treatment for lead toxicity
chelators
218
give the 2 examples of chelators used as a treatment for lead toxicity
EDTA, dimercaptosuccinic acid
219
What are the Toxic effects of lead toxicity (3)
→ Anemia
→ Decreased RBC membrane integrity
→ Encephalopathy, nephrosis, anorexia, peripheral neuropathy, birth defects, low IQ,
carcinogenesis, birth defects, renal damage
220
Among the toxic effects of lead toxicity, what Inhibits heme synthesis?
Anemia
221
LEAD:
Specimen: ____
whole blood, urine, hair
222
specimen used in analysis of lead that is used to quantitate lead (it is bound to RBC)
Whole blood
223
specimen used in the analysis of lead that is used when there is recent lead
exposure
urine
224
What are the SCREENING METHODS used in the analysis of LEAD
Zinc Protoporphyrin test
ALA dehydratase (ALAD test)
225
Zinc Protoporphyrin test is aka
Fluorometric test
226
sensitive SCREENING method used in the analysis of LEAD
ALA dehydratase (ALAD test)
227
Lead inhibits delta-ALA synthetase = ___ (inc/dec) in ALA activity = suggestive of ____
decrease
lead poisoning
228
What are the OTHER METHODS used in the analysis of LEAD
→ In-vivo X-ray fluorescence of bone
→ AAS
→ ICP-MS
→ Anodic stippling voltammetry
229
Exists in three forms which has different levels of toxicity
Mercury
230
What are the 3 forms of MERCURY
Elemental mercury
Inorganic salts
Component of organic compounds
231
form of mercury that is Liquid at room temperature
Elemental mercury
232
form of mercury that Can be ingested and show no significant effects
Elemental mercury
233
form of mercury that Cannot be absorbed
Elemental mercury
234
in this form of mercury, Inhalation is very rare and insignificant
Elemental mercury
235
Moderately toxic form of mercury
Inorganic salts
236
form of mercury that is Partially absorbed by the GIT
Inorganic salts
237
T/F Yung mga hindi naabsorb na Inorganic salt (form of mercury) may show GIT toxicity
T
238
Most toxic form of mercury
Component of organic compounds
239
form of mercury that is Rapidly absorbed
Component of organic compounds
240
Mercury is a potent enzyme __.
For example: ____
inhibitor
Catecholamine-0-methyltransferase
241
What enzyme Metabolizes catecholamines
Catecholamine-metabolic enzyme
242
example of catecholamines
epinephrine and norepinephrine
243
If the catecholamines are not ___, it may lead to ___
metabolized
toxicity
244
The toxicity of this metal/metalloids Mimics adrenal gland disorders
mercury
245
what are the indicators of mercury toxicity
hypertension, tachycardia, sweating
246
the indicators of mercury toxicity is the Symptoms of ___
pheochromocytoma
247
tumor
that autonomously produces catecholamines
Pheochromocytoma
248
what are the three mercury Intoxication
Elemental mercury
Alkyl mercury
Inorganic form
249
mercury intoxication:
pink disease (acrodynia), erethism
Elemental mercury
250
pink disease is aka
acrodynia
251
Upon exposure, it may cause continuous
skin exfoliation until the skin turns pink
(acrodynia)
Elemental mercury
252
congenital minimata disease
Alkyl mercury
253
neurologic disorder that resembles cerebral palsy
Congenital minimata disease
254
Congenital minimata disease is a neurologic disorder that resembles ___
cerebral palsy
255
nephrotoxic (glomerular proteinuria)
Inorganic form
256
What are the specimen used in the analysis of mercury
whole blood, 24-hour urine
257
What are the methods used in the analysis of mercury
→ Reinsch test
→ AAS
→ Anodic stippling voltammetry
258
MERCURY:
Reference Value: ___
<10 ug/dL
259
Mercury:
Significant exposure: ___ (____)
>50 ug/dL
whole blood
260
Substances intentionally added to the environment to kill or harm undesirable life forms
Pesticides
261
Pesticides is Classified as ___ or ___
insecticides
herbicides
262
What are the 3 Forms of insecticides:
Organophosphate
Carbamates
Halogenated Hydrocarbons
263
most common form of insecticides
Organophosphate
264
Responsible for about 1⁄3 of all pesticide poisoning
Organophosphate
265
Organophosphate is Responsible for about ___ of all ___
1⁄3
pesticide poisoning
266
Organophosphate Inhibits the enzyme ____
acetylcholinesterase
267
Acetylcholine is Metabolized by ____
acetylcholinesterase
268
Muscle cell stimulant
Acetylcholine
269
Also the stimulant of some
exocrine and endocrine glands
Acetylcholine
270
T/F When acetylcholinesterase is inhibited, acetylcholine is metabolized
F; When acetylcholinesterase is inhibited, acetylcholine is NOT metabolized
271
When acetylcholinesterase is inhibited, acetylcholine is NOT
metabolized which may cause ____.
systemic effects
272
Carbamates Inhibits the enzyme ___
acetylcholinesterase
273
what are the 2 forms of insecticides that inhibit acetylcholinesterase
Organophosphate
Carbamates
274
Toxicity (Pesticides)
Low-level exposure: (4)
Salivation, Lacrimation, Involuntary urination and defecation
275
Toxicity (Pesticides)
High-level exposure: (7)
Bradycardia, muscular twitching, cramps, apathy, slurred speech, behavioral changes, death
276
high level exposure pesticides may cause death which happens due to___
respiratory failure
277
Direct measurement of organophosphates is ____
highly impossible
278
Direct measurement of organophosphates is highly impossible because Organophosphate has ____ to ___
high affinity
proteins
279
Pesticides:
Method of analysis: ____
indirect measurement.
280
what are the 2 methods used in the analysis of pesticides
Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition Assay
Serum Pseudocholinesterase Activity
281
Indirect measurement of organophosphate poisoning
Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition Assay
282
Specimen used in Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition Assay
RBC
283
Alternative and Screening test for pesticides
Serum Pseudocholinesterase Activity
284
T/F: Serum Pseudocholinesterase Activity lacks sensitivity and specificity.
T
285
Serum Pseudocholinesterase Activity is decreased in ___, ____, ____, ____
acute infection, pulmonary embolism, hepatitis, cirrhosis
286
Decreased also in acute infection, pulmonary embolism, hepatitis, cirrhosis
Serum Pseudocholinesterase Activity
