1
Q
2 major types of communities
A
- aquatic
- terrestrial
2
Q
2 major types of aquatic communities
A
- marine
- freshwater
3
Q
6 types of marine communities
A
- estuaries
- intertidal
- subtidal kelp beds
- pelagic
- deep sea
- coral reefs
4
Q
MLWN:
A
mean low water neap
5
Q
MHWN:
A
mean high water neap
6
Q
MLWS:
A
mean low water spring
7
Q
MHWS:
A
mean high water spring
8
Q
which is higher, MHWN or MHWS?
A
MHWS
9
Q
which is lower, MLWN or MLWS?
A
MLWS
10
Q
vertical zonation
A
length of time intertidal rock is exposed to air
11
Q
due to vertical zonation, animals must ___ to a particular level
A
adapt
12
Q
highest primary productivity of all communities on planet
A
subtidal kelp bed communtities
13
Q
subtidal kelp bed communities provide ___ to shoreline communities
A
physical protection
14
Q
subtidal kelp bed communities provide ___ and ____ for a large number of species
A
foraging, shelter
15
Q
benthic zone
A
seafloor at all levels
16
Q
pelagic zone
A
oceanic zone; open water above the ocean floor
17
Q
epipelagic
A
0-200m below sea surface
18
Q
mesopelagic
A
200-1000m below sea surface
19
Q
bathypelagic
A
1000-4000m below sea surface
20
Q
hadal
A
4000-6000 m below sea surface
21
Q
what are bioherms?
A
deep water coral reefs
22
Q
the largest ____ known is off norway at the base of the continental slope
A
bioherm
23
Q
shallow coral reefs occur between ____
A
30 degrees N, 30 degrees S
24
Q
fringing reef
A
a reef attached to the shore of a continent or island
25
barrier reef
a coral reef located away from the shore that creates a lagoon between the reef and the shore
26
atol
when a fringing reef continues to grow upward from a volcanic island that has sunk entirely below sea level. these are usually circular or oval in shape, with an open lagoon in the center
27
coral reefs
- greatest species diversity of vertebrates on the planet
- highly efficent recycling of nutrients
- under major global threat
28
arctic
largely frozen ocean surrounded by land, ~4000m water depth, ice cover ~3m thick
29
the upper 15m of arctic seawater has _____ from large rivers
lower salinity
30
arctic waters have a highly complex layering of _____ and _____ waters
altanic, pacific
31
in the summer, the arctic has a high _____, which is important to __ and ___
abundance of plankton, arctic cod, seals
32
what is the major terrestrial predator in the arctic?
polar bear
33
antarctic
large frozen continent surrounded by oceans, ~98% ice cover, up to 2km in thickness
34
anarctic has _____ and _____
low species diversity, low primary productivty
35
what lives in antarctica?
bacteria, lichens, penguins
36
antarctic has no ____
terrestrial predator
37
lake classifcation: clear water lakes
oligotrophic, low productivity
38
lake classification: strained lakes
dystophic - low productivty
39
lake classification: lake with intermediate productivity
mesotrophic
40
lake classification: high productivity lakes
eutrophic
41
lake stratification
lack of mixing of a lake due to differences in water temp (density) in summer
42
lake strat: what is the mixing layer called?
epilimnion
43
lake strat: what is the separating layer called?
thermocline
44
lake strat: what is the cold water layer called?
hypolimnion
45
order of lake strat layers from most to least oxygen rich
epi, thermocline, hypo
46
lakes in the summer:
- heat and oxygen are layered
- 4-22 degrees
47
lakes in winter
- ice on top
- 0-4 degrees
48
lakes in fall
- heat and oxygen are constant
- 4 degrees
49
what are the 7 terrestrial communities
tundra
temperate coniferous forest (aka taiga and temperate rainforest)
prairie
temperate deciduous forest
savanna
desert and semi-desert
tropical forest
50
tundra
- 3-6 months of darkness, ice and snow
51
quality of plants that grow in tundra
cold-hardy plants
52
tundra: how many strata? what are they?
3, soil, ground, low shrubs
53
tundra: soil
permafrost - subsoil (>0.5m depth) permanently frozen all year
- surface soil thaws in summer
54
what kind of insects live in the tundra?
aquatic, terrestrial
55
what kind of birds live in the tundra?
shorebirds, waterfowl - seasonal migrants
56
what kind of animals live in the tundra?
hare, fox, wolves, caribou, grizzly bear, polar bear
57
temperate coniferous forests are split into two categories:
- boreal forests (taiga)
- temperature rainforest
58
taiga: how many strata? what are they?
4, trees, shrubs, ground, soil
59
taiga:
- mostly conifers
- few shrubs
- ground layer of ferns and mosses
- slow decomposition
- seasonal migrants
60
taiga: ____ summers, ____ winters
short, long and cold
61
taiga:
occasional _____/_____ for residents in winter
hibernation, torpor
62
temperate rainforest
ancient trees, 4 strata, high 3D structural complexity
63
temp rainforest: multiple species of ____, high insect ____
fungi, mosses, angiosperms
- high insect diversity
64
temperate rainforests hosts species-rich....
riparian zones
65
which ecosystem has the highest biomass/ha ratio?
temperate rainforests
66
temperate rainforest: 1000y for _____ of community structure after clear cutting
seral stage recovery
67
tropical forests: how many strata? what are they?
6 strata, emergent trees up to 60 m, emergent, trees up to 20 m, lowest trees, shrubs, ground, root/soil
68
tropical forests: emergent trees from the highest two strata form a _____
discontinuous canopy - sympodial growth rather than monopodial
69
tropical forests: the lowest trees from the third highest strata form a ___
continuous canopy
70
tropical forests: ___ and ____ form the shrub layer
tall herbs and ferns
71
tropical forests: ___ and ___ form the ground layer
herbaceous plants, seedlings
72
tropical forests: root/soil layer is ___ and ____
shallow, poorly developed
73
tropical forests: what connects the root/soil layer to the highest layer of strata?
vines - lianas
- many epiphytes
74
epiphyte
a plant that uses another plant for support but not for nourishment
75
tropical forests: ____ species diversity, most _____
high, taxonomic groups
76
tropical forests: high biological ____, high ____ of nutrients
turnover, recycling
77
generally, the proportion of nitrogen stored above ground ____ as you get closer to the equator
increases
78
atmospheric patterns: polar cell
the cell above 60 degrees N/S, cold dry air falls
79
atmospheric patterns: ferrell cell
the cell between 30-60 degrees N/S, temperate deciduous forest and grasslands
80
atmospheric patterns: hadley cell
the cell between 0-30 degrees N/S, tropical deciduous forest
81
subsidence zone
cold dry air srinks, occurs between ferrell and hadley cell
82
equator
hot moist air rises for form cumulus clouds here
- cools, rains at equator
- high cool dry air moves north and south and cools more
83
desert and semi desert regions tend to be found on the _____ part of continents
western, are on border of ferrell and hardley cell
84
major climatic variations are a result of ____ of earths surface during _____
uneven heating, orbit
BIOL 215
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